The Decade Of The 1980 S - 1423 Words

The decade of the 1980 s experienced a massive sorts of changes in economics and culture, this requires a certain analysis of the time and the way culture became intertwined with economics. The culture transformed and allowed the decade to be read as an experience of cultural products between culture and economy. Through the conspicuous consumption of the decade, the 1980s encouraged a cultural shift towards complete commodification (what is this) and interaction with the market. Ronald Reagan s presidency throughout the decade created a framework for the people, and ultimately, the culture to transform. His early and continued leadership outlined the tone of the decade and this gave a context for the theoretical work of neoliberalism†¦show more content†¦Reaganomics was an economic vision, that expressed a way of looking at the world, a framework for understanding the economy and society and the individual s place within both (Troy and Cannato, eds 128). This serves to fur ther understand and develop the relationship between society and economy. (how? Expand this quote, you used it for a reason) With the presidential leadership outlining this impression, it creates room for regeneration and reinvention to occur within the culture of the decade. Through the implementation of Reaganomics, the American culture was reinvigorated with a new vision of economics, and even individuality. Reagan consistently addressed the American people and his effort to restore the self-confidence of the American people and their faith in the traditions and institutions of the country was an important part of the national recovery during the 1980s (Troy and Cannato, eds, 31). A new cultural space was created and the American culture transformed in something that was produced and consumed. Americans spent time learning to find their space under the new economic shift and Reagan s confident leadership. The drive to support American confidence through the economic shifts c uts through the class politics and allows for Reaganomics to shape the decade in the later years. As the new space for culture and economics develops, America starts toShow MoreRelatedWhat I Learned About My Life During The Decade Of The 1980 S1683 Words   |  7 Pagestimeline. By this I mean that people living through the same decades have went through the same historical events such as with wars, precedencies, and all the signings between countries throughout the world. As I thought about who I wanted to interview for my history report, I concluded that I wanted to learn more about my mom when she was the same age as me. My interviewee that I chose was my mom, Lora Phelps, as she lived through the late 1980’s between the ages of 18-20. I wanted to learn what my momRead MoreEssay on The Evolution of the 1960s and 1980s: Jimi Hendrix1091 Words   |  5 PagesHendrix (â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Quote†). In the mid 1960’s Jimi Hendrix and many other musical artists extremely influenced this decade. In the 1980’s, there were also many influential musicians, singers, and songwriters that captivated the thoughts and movements of many people. Music influenced fashion and behavior in the 1960’s and 1980’s and these properties have been recognized throughout the years. Music went through an immense evolution in both of these decades. The fashion and behavior that derived fromRead MoreMusic Has Impacted Our World1585 Words   |  7 Pagesequalities, racism, political problems, and acceptance of the society. For example, 1960s was a decade marred by social unrest, civil rights injustice, and violence both home and abroad. These were some of the factors that lead to a cultural revolution. During these times, we could see how many artists aimed at these concerns through their lyrics, but the eighties had a big impact in our society. During this decade, The United States felt more liberalistic, and New ideologies were presented to our societyRead More1950s Fashion Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesFashion for women has become a majo r part of all decades and has changed constantly from day one. From one decade to another the trends and styles of clothes alternated drastically. The 1950’s started with long, flowy dresses. 1960’s moved to more playful, knee-length dresses. 1970’s was tight fitting clothes and platform shoes. 1980’s was all about bright colors. 1990’s included thrift shop clothes and more of a hip-hop style. Lastly, the 2000’s is all about short skirts and movie orientated clothesRead MoreAmerica s Age Of Hope1541 Words   |  7 Pages1980-1989: America’s Age of Hope From where did the vigor of the 1980’s come? 1980 to 1989 was a period in the United States which spurred hope for the economy and in the spirits of the people. The 1980’s were a decade of the American people standing together in tragedy and rejoicing with each other in victory. In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the decade and an age of an oppression overseas. America cheered for the freedom of her brothers and sisters in Germany. One highlightRead MoreThe Success Of The 1980 S1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The 1980’s were a period of many different innovations, studies, misfortunes, and explorations in the United States. This was a decade full of outspoken, optimistic and assertive Americans, this was a time for change. It was really a period that kind of refreshed the US and created a more confident country. There were many people that were trying to find a voice for themselves and realizing that people have a voice and it should be used and heard. Not only were thingsRead MoreThe Sixties Were A Great Decade1230 Words   |  5 Pages1980-1989 The eighties were a great decade so much went on in that time period especially at the beginning. The eighties started off with the assassination of John Lennon in 1980 which put a sadness in the music air and then in 1981 Bob Marley another great musician died. Music also changed a lot in the eighties as well it went from more of a disco in the 70’s to more of a rap sound in the 80’s. Musicians like Blonde, New Kids on the Block, and Sugar Hill Gangs where introduced in the eightiesRead MoreMusic in the 1980s1137 Words   |  5 PagesMusic In the 1980’s The 1980s was a decade of revolutionary changes on the music scene. The two major developments were the advent of MTV and the compact disc. Music became more diverse, with new wave, heavy metal, rap, techno pop, alternative rock and the new country sounds. And music became a huge marketing tool as filmmakers, TV producers and manufacturers of everything from sneakers to soft drinks used hit songs and hot performers to sell their products. Search: how pop culture affects teensRead MoreTechnology As You Know It1296 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology As You Know It In The 1980’ What is your idea on technology? Is it phones or computers or maybe even transportation? Through the past years technology progressed towards a brighter future. On June 29 2007 the first IPhone was developed for the public, the iPhone 2g sure was not the best phone that has been developed but it was a huge impact in the social economy. It was one of the first touchscreen phones everyone wanted one. Since the first iPhone was developed, why not make more it’sRead MoreLife Of The 1980 S1167 Words   |  5 PagesCassie Toth Mrs. Weide American HIstory II 18 November 2016   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life in the 1980’s   Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1980’s was a time of prosperity throughout America. From the Calendar that went from January 1st to December 31st to the increase of jobs. This decade was full of good changes socially, economically, and politically. The President of the United States during the 1980s was Ronald Reagan. The liberals were known as â€Å"Reagan Democrats†. The most significant event that happened under President

The American Of The United States - 1081 Words

The United States has always been a progressive nation from its start in the 1700s and eventual revolution against the British. After a rocky start as an independent nation, the U.S. began to expand create its own laws and ideas of democracy as well as trade throughout the world. Much of this intercultural trading and exploration of Manifest Destiny allowed the U.S. to grow economically, culturally, physically, and politically. Emerging as one of the more powerful nations, the U.S. became a bright new prospect for a better life, and many immigrants came into the United States. New York for example, was populated by the Dutch. Indentured servants also came to work as they envisioned a new life. Eventually when they were released, they built†¦show more content†¦Immigrant desire to reinvent themselves caused so much friction against Americans that it shaped early American culture for the better. After defending the colonies for many years, the British felt that they were allow ed to tax Americans to make up for it. Many acts and taxes, including the Stamp Act, caused the colonists to rebel. Eventually, the Declaration of Independence was written, uniting the American people against their British oppressors and causing the revolutionary era to begin. A new nation was born along with the American Revolution. As the colonies grew, immigration from all parts of the world came to establish their claim. Many indentured servants came and would eventually start their own farms, creating ethnic enclaves. Although in the beginning, there was mainly English colonists settling in the United States, it soon became extremely diverse, especially in the North. New York was established by the Dutch, who called the area New Amsterdam and specialized in the fur trade. American Creole slaves created their own sense of hierachy in an attempt to create a sense of importance from the oppression of their slave masters. Benjamin Franklin was afraid new immigration principles woul d affect new nation. By having different European ideas come to the U.S., the U.S. benefited from immigrants despite skepticism. Also, many territories and cities became established because of immigrants. People started to form political ideas about slavery and

Quantitative Tools Addressing Readmissions -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Quantitative Tools Addressing Readmissions? Answer: Introduction: Repeated hospitalisation is mainly dependent on the type and severity of psychiatric disorder. Repeated hospitalisation also reflects environmental and social aspects. Along with this, it also reflects deficiencies in pre and post discharge treatment. Readmissions can affect both patients and their families and hospitals1. Both patient families and hospital can experience psychological strain and financial burden. Hospital readmissions can be prevented by providing holistic care during the hospital stay, planned discharge and transition and adequate follow-up. Reduction in the hospital readmissions can be helpful in improving acceptance of the psychiatric patient in the society and improving confidence of the patient2. Usually, hospital readmissions within 30 days is considered as poor clinical outcome in case of psychiatric disorders. This accounting outcome might be due to inadequate community-based care after discharge, self-care and difficulties in adherence to the psychiatric medication. It has been estimated that approximately 9 % patients with principal mood disorders were readmitted and 12 % patients with any diagnosis of mood disorders were readmitted. It has been estimated that approximately 16 % patients with principal schizophrenia were readmitted and 19 % patients with any diagnosis of schizophrenia were readmitted. Adequate care at home can be used as a good indicator for reduced readmission for psychiatric disorders. However, it has been estimated that only 1 6 % patients with mood disorders and schizophrenia receive proper care at home3. Initial cost for the management of psychiatric disorders is lower as compared to the other conditions. However, readmission cost for psychiatric d isorders is more as compared to other disorders. As compared to other conditions, patients with psychiatric conditions like mood and schizophrenia are with more discharge disposition of home-care or self-care. 89 % patients with mood disorders and 78 % patients with schizophrenia are with discharge disposition of home-care or self-care. 62 % patients with other than psychiatric conditions are with discharge disposition of home-care or self-care4. Mood disorder and schizophrenia are the major causes of hospital readmissions along with other causes like alcohol related disorders and substance related disorders. Male patients (14 %) are more prone to readmissions as compared to the female patients (12 %). 12.5 %, 14.5 % and 12.6 % patients were readmitted between age group 18-44, 45-64 and above 65 respectively. Patient level predictors of hospital readmissions can be confounding however system level predictors like capacity, structure or treatment of organisation can be definite predictors of hospital readmissions. Patient level predictors like length of stay and patient receiving aftercare are the confounding predictors of hospital readmissions. To determine whether counselling delivered telephonically by mental health professional instantly followed by discharge is efficient in reducing risks of hospital readmissions according to interRAI MH. Design and setting: A matched cross over study will be implemented for the reduction of hospital readmission for psychiatric patients. This pre-post-test design study will be conducted between January 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016. Pre and post test, can be helpful in evaluating impact of intervention because parameters prior to and after completion of intervention can be compared in the same population. Pre and post intervention can be useful in measuring value addition to the samples in the programme. This programme will be implemented in the 15 hospitals of the Ontario Hospital Association and Health Quality Ontario. Evaluation of the implemented programme will be carried out between January 2016 to October 2016. In this study, 2000 patients will be enrolled from the different Ontario Hospitals based on the mentioned exclusion and inclusion criteria. These number of patients will be enrolled because it will give power for statistical significance. Out of these, 1000 patients will be randomised to the c ontrol arm. For control arm patients, normal discharge will be provided followed by normal care. Remaining 1000 patients will be randomised to intervention arm and to these patients normal discharge will be provided followed by telephone based . Telephone based counselling will be provided for the duration of 4 weeks. Blocked randomisation schedule and two sets of sealed envelopes will be prepared for the randomisation. One set of envelop will be labelled as control arm and another as intervention arm. Patients will be allowed to open the folders and they will be allocated to control and intervention arm based on their envelops5. Inclusion criteria: Patients enrolled in the study need to meet following criteria : a) all the patients should be above age 18 years, b) should be admitted to the hospital for more than 4 hours, c) patients should be discharged home, d) should have working telephone, e) should speak English, f) devoid of medical record of cognitive impairment, g) screen positive for mood disorder and schizophrenia and g) should have life expectancy of more than 90 days. Exclusion criteria: a) patient should not be planned for inpatient rehabilitation, nursing home or other healthcare facilities after discharge, b) suicidal tendency, c) alcohol and/or drug dependence, and d) in police custody6. Strengths and limitations: Strengths: Environmental factors can influence internal validity of study design. However, in this study, control group will be incorporated along with intervention group. Hence, it would be helpful in neutralising environmental effect. Population external validity will be the strength of this study because results of this study can not be generalised to patients without intervention for psychiatric disorders. Limitations: Maturation and carryover effect can affect internal validity in this study design. Maturation can occur due to change in participants for pre-test to post-test. Carryover effect occur due to influence of pre-test on the outcome of post-test. Ecological external validity can be limitation in this study design because home environment can be different from the hospital environment7, 8. Though this study is associated with limitations, this study is more useful as compared to other designs because it gives data about the real world study. Results of this study can be used as evidence for the future studies. Control and intervention groups can be compared in this study. Statistical power can be obtained in this study. Rationale for evaluation programme: Data related to hospital readmissions will be collected for the duration of 6 months. Evaluation of the programme will be helpful for the amendment and improvement of the evaluation programme. For the reduction of the hospital readmissions, counselling should be provided to the patients and family members. Hence, telephone-based counselling will be provided to reduce risk of hospital readmissions. Risks of readmissions include interRAI variables like prior hospitalizations, greater severity in several clinical conditions such as psychosis, presence of a secondary substance use diagnosis, and being unemployed. Counselling will comprise of aspects like improve patient engagement and adherence to the intervention9. Data collection: There are different sources of data like existing data and new data. Existing data comprising of information given by OHA/HQO and HIS. It includes health service use, diagnoses, living arrangements and employment, mental health symptoms, substance use, and functioning, and rehospitalization CAP. New data will be collected by trained research nurse. Equivalent data will be collected pre-intervention and post-intervention. After the completion of four weeks counselling sessions to the patients, telephone survey will be conducted to assess hospital readmission status and treatment utilization for psychiatric condition. Data will comprise of baseline data of patients, duration of index hospitals stay, diagnosis during hospital admission, symptoms and comorbidities. Information related to living conditions, employment status, abusive substance use and functioning will also be collected. Data related to hospital admissions in the six months prior to index admission will also be collected. Health information system (HIS) will be helpful in gathering personalised information about the patient in terms of discharge summaries, prescribed medicines, results of diagnostic laboratory test, clinical and imaging biomarkers. HIS will be helpful in improving patient safety, improving quality of intervention and avoiding unnecessary readmissions10. Dependent variables: Period between discharge and readmission will be considered as the dependent variable. Collected data like baseline data of patients, duration of index hospitals stay, diagnosis during hospital admission and comorbidities will be corelated with readmissions within timeline of 30, 60 and 90 days. Readmissions within 30, 60 and 90 days will be compared with each other. It will be helpful in corelating severity of disease, type of disease, prescribed medicines and age of the patient with each of the readmission timeline. This programme will also assess the measures for readmission of the psychiatric patients. Readmission data will be helpful in answering the proposal question11,12. Independent variables : Demographic factors, medical treatment and healthcare utilization are the risk factors mainly responsible for the readmission of psychiatric patients. Demographic factors include sex, age, income and management level. Age will be important independent variable because with the increase in the age there will be more severity of the psychiatric disease. Comparison among male and female will be analysed for hospital readmissions because from the literature it is evident that male is more prone to hospital readmissions as compared to female. This study will be helpful in further validating more susceptibility of male towards hospital readmissions. Unemployment and illiteracy are the prominent reasons responsible for the hospital readmissions in the psychiatric patients. Hence, income and education level will be assessed as independent variable in this study. Accurate administration of the medicines for psychiatric conditions and adequate utilization of healthcare facilities will be helpf ul in reducing hospital readmissions11,12. Evaluation strategy: This proposal will incorporate engagement of the skilled healthcare professionals for the evaluation of hospital readmissions. It will also include training for medical professionals for evaluation of hospital readmissions. Healthcare professional will be trained for compilation, analysis and interpretation of the results. Fixed tabular formats will be prepared for compilation of the results. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) will be used for the analysis the data. Trained statistician will be recruited for the statistical evaluation of the data13. Several activities will be planned for the effective evaluation of the implemented programme for hospital readmission reduction programme. Medical and nursing staff will be trained for the discharge activities and readmission evalaution by programme coordinator. On monthly basis meetings will be implemented for the evaluation of implementation of the programme. Stakeholders of this meeting will comprise of project coordinator, the staff nurses and medical specialist, senior level registered nurse and residents. Different interRAI variables like prior hospitalizations, greater severity in several clinical conditions such as psychosis, presence of a secondary substance use diagnosis, and being unemployed will be enquired by the stakeholders of the evaluation programme. Comparison will be done for these interRAI indicators before and after the implementation of the programme. Telephonic call will be arranged for recruited patients twice a week for the duration of four weeks14. Outcomes: Primary endpoint of this programme will be hospital readmission within 30 days followed by within 60 days and 90 days. Hospital readmissions will be measured in two different ways : 1) data retrieval from the hospital records and 2) self-reporting by the patients. Secondary outcomes will include length of hospital stay after readmission, time to hospital readmission, frequency and duration of readmission, total number of general practitioner or emergency department visits and patient satisfaction in discharge process. Separate medical records will be maintained for the patients, those cant be contacted within four weeks of counselling session15,16. In the initial phase, balance of patient characteristics will be measured because it should be equally distributed among control and intervention group due to randomisation. Descriptive statistics will be used for the analysis of patient psychiatric characteristics. Differences between the pre and post test will be evaluated by applying chi-square or Student t-tests. Statistical analysis will be carried out separately for hospital readmissions within 30, 90 and 180 days. Percentage of hospital readmissions in the individual hospitals will be calculated. Readmission rate will be compared with varied factors like patient related factors (demographic status, educational status, living conditions and employment status), disease related factors (severity of the disease, types of symptoms) and hospital related factors (utilization of healthcare facilities). Biasness due to different set up of hospitals will be reduced by categorising hospitals in the different groups. External validity wil l be monitored by controlling hospital characteristics. These hospital characteristics include region, hospital proximity and patient discharge volume. Subgroup analysis will also be performed. Patients admitted to the hospital prior to the index hospitalisation will be at higher risk of readmission. Hence, subgroup analysis is required in these patients. Age, sex, discharge diagnosis and total number of readmissions in the last six months prior to index admission will be used as covariates or confounding factors2, 17, 18. Hospital readmissions evaluation programme can be affected by multiple factors like evaluation design, variables affecting design and outcome of the evaluation programme, alternatives to hospital readmissions, changes in readmissions with respect to different patient and impact of different stakeholders in the evaluation programme. Hence, multivariate analysis will be used in this evaluation programme because it can give statistical outcome considering multiple fa ctors. Confidence interval will be computed from the observed data. For each parameter confidence interval will be computed for prior and after hospital readmission. 5 % confidence interval will be considered as statistically significant. Comparison will be made prior and hospital admission. Table 1 : Evaluation team involved in programme will be as follows19 : Team Members Role and task Principal investigator Main task in the evaluation process is to oversee evaluation implementation, submitting reports and having ultimate responsibility of the program. Project coordinating person Trained statistician Internal evaluator The main role will be overseeing administrative and fiscal functions Statistics task. Internal evaluator will be responsible in conducting surveys, gathering information and analyzing data External evaluator This will be responsible in designing and guiding the evaluation process of the program process. He/she will review internal findings, engaging in external assessments and offers reports to funder. Table 2 : Baseline characteristics of study population20,21 Characteristics Pre-test Post-test Patients (n) 1000 1000 Age, mean (SD), years Male % Female % Employment status Employed Un-employed Educational status Schooling College Graduation Readmission to the hospital within 6 months of index admissions Length of index hospital stay Table What is the prevalence of the problem? Does the patients status affected by mood status, history of hospitalization, substance abuse, living status, employment status ? How many individuals are participating? What are the changes in performance? How many/what resources are used during implementation? How many participants are attending telephonic counselling sessions ? Is there a change in quality of life? Is there a change in health measures? Is there a difference between before and after? Has the patient displayed potential risk as per CAP guideline? What is the readmission frequency of the patient, 30,90 or 180 ? What is the first readmission time for 30, 90 and 180 days time points ? What is first readmission duration for first readmission for 30, 90 and 180 days time points ? HIS Table 4: Healthcare utilization and patient satisfaction four weeks during counselling20,21 Characteristics Pre-test Post-test Cl value Patients (n) 1000 1000 Length of index hospital stay Readmissions Readmissions within 30 days Readmissions within 60 days Readmissions within 90 days Time for first readmission Number of readmissions within 30, 60 and 90 days. Duration of first readmission Other healthcare utilization General practitioner visits Emergency department visits Patient satisfaction with discharge procedure Table 5: Programme outcome and outcome measures20,21: Outcome Outcome measures Clinical efficacy Whether psychiatric symptoms will be improved in the intervention group as compared to the control group Patient efficacy Whether intervention group will he having less number of hospital readmissions as compared to the control group. Healthcare staff fidelity Healthcare professionals execution of the programme protocol will be evaluated: How many post-discharge counselling sessions will be attended by healthcare professional telephonically. How much time healthcare professional will spend on each post-discharge counselling session. How much time healthcare professional will spend on weekly post-discharge counselling session. Success in recruitment and randomization How many actually enrolled patients will be eligible for participation in the programme. Record will be maintained for the drop-out participants prior to completion of the study. Baseline characteristics of both control and intervention arm will be compared. Success of counselling session Percent participants receiving counselling session. Percent participants attending primary healthcare providers within two weeks of discharge. Percent participants contacted telephonically post-discharge. References: Mittenberg W, Canyock EM, Condit D, Patton C. Treatment of post-concussion syndrome following mild head injury. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2001; 23(6):829-36. Kansagara D, Englander H, Salanitro A, et al. Risk prediction models for hospital readmission: a systematic review. JAMA. 2011; 306:1688-98. Allaudeen N, Vidyarthi A, Maselli J, Auerbach A. Redefining readmission risk factors for general medicine patients. J Hosp Med. 2011; 6:54-60. Vigod SN, Kurdyak PA, Dennis CL, Leszcz T, Taylor VH, Blumberger DM, et al. Transitional interventions to reduce early psychology readmissions in adults: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;202(3):18794. Dudas V, Bookwalter T, Kerr KM, Pantilat SZ. The impact of follow-up telephone calls to patients after hospitalization. Am J Med. 2001; 111:26S-30S. Elna M N, Mat R, Brian W. Adding Socioeconomic Data To Hospital Readmissions Calculations May Produce More Useful Results. , Health Aff (Millwood). 2014. 33(5): 786791. Verhaegh KJ, Buurman BM, Veenboer GC, de Rooij SE, Geerlings SE. The implementation of a comprehensive discharge bundle to improve the discharge process: a quasi-experimental study. Neth J Med. 2014;72(6):318-25. Lee EW. Selecting the best prediction model for readmission. J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(4):259-66. Mitchell SE, Martin JM, Krizman K, Sadikova E, Culpepper L, Stewart SK, Brown JR, Jack BW. Design and rationale for a randomized controlled trial to reduce readmissions among patients with depressive symptoms. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015;45(Pt B):151-156. Marzuki N, Ismail S, Al-Sadat N, Ehsan FZ, Chan CK, Ng CW. Integrating Information and Communication Technology for Health Information System Strengthening: A Policy Analysis. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(8 Suppl):86S-93S. Jasti H, Mortensen EM, Obrosky DS, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ. Causes and risk factors for rehospitalization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.Clin Infect Dis.2008;46(4):550556. Silverstein MD, Qin H, Mercer SQ, Fong J, Haydar Z. Risk factors for 30-day hospital readmission in patients 65 years of age.Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent. 2008;21(4):363372. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987; 40:373-83. Grol R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients care. Lancet. 2003; 362:1225-30. Brook RH, McGlynn EA, Shekelle PG. Defining and measuring quality of care: a perspective from US researchers. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000; 12:281-95. Hulscher ME, Laurant MG, Grol RP. Process evaluation on quality improvement interventions. Qual Saf HealthCare. 2003; 12:40-6. Lagoe RJ, Nanno DS, Luziani ME. Quantitative tools for addressing hospital readmissions. BMC Res Notes. 2012; 5: 620. doi: 1186/1756-0500-5-620. Chow SK, Wong FK. A randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led case management programme for hospital-discharged older adults with co-morbidities. J Adv Nurs. 2014 ;70(10):2257-71. Mitchell JP. Association of provider communication and discharge instructions on lower readmissions. J Healthc Qual. 2015 ;37(1):33-40. Jackson AH, Fireman E, Feigenbaum P, Neuwirth E, Kipnis P, Bellows J. 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Joan of Arc A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique

History is flourishing with heroic figures who gave their lives to serve their people, freedom and justice. Each country can present an endless list of national heroes who are the things to be proud of for all French nation. However, the majority of famous historic figures are men, but women can also be proud of thousands of representatives of their sex made great contribution to the flow of history. One of such women is Joan of Arc, probably the most famous women in West European history.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Joan of Arc: A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thousands of books explore her biography and thousands of academic papers are devoted to this great woman. The subject of the majority of books is the biography of Joan of Ark. In this paper, I am going to explore one of the books devoted to Joan of Arc and provide its critical analysis. First of all , brief information about Joan of Ark. Joan has a unique role in the history of western Europe. She is one of the most outstanding female heroes of all times. Today, she is known as Saint Joan of Arc and the Maid of Orleans. She is a national heroin of France and one of the main saints of the Catholic Church. She is an example of true courage and high spirit. The one who had a saint gift, the one who fought for her people and the one who died for her believes. All scientists admire the story of this great woman and all French people are greatly proud of her. Her life was not long, but she did more than many people could do to for an entire century. At the age of 19, she was known through the whole France. Her story began when she was twelve years old. It was than when she saw her first Divine vision. She said that she saw three Saints: Saint Catherine, Saint Michael and Saint Margaret who said her to escort Dauphin for his coronation in Reims. Before her historic journey, she was a simple peasant girl without special talents. And nobody could predict that this tiny girl will lead troops of French soldiers to the victory. At the age of 17, she got an interview with the French court at Chinon and made predictions about the military actions near Orleans that amazed everybody presented. An event that never occurred in history before played a decisive role in the flow of the Hundred Years War. A young girl of 17 was equipped for war, moreover, Dauphin placed her at the head of the army. Ander the leadership of this skillful and amazing girl, the army roused again. Despite all her feat of arms, there was a trial on her. It had a political ground and a poor girl was blamed in things she never did.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, she was accused of being a witch. Paradoxically, the one who served to Church and to her country was accused of being a witch. At the age of 19, she was burned to death. Then, her body was burned again to ensure that she did not escape. Thus, the authorities believed in her divinity and they were afraid of her. Twenty years later, she was declared innocent and in 1920, she was canonized as a Saint. Today, she is a patron Saint of France. One can find all this information in a great book by Marina Warner Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism. The book presents a deep insight into the biography of the girl. It opens with the words that attract the reader’s attention and hold it until the last word in the book: â€Å"A story lives in relation to its tellers and its receivers; it continues because people want to hear it again, and it changes according to their tastes and needs. Joan of Arc is the centre of a story so famous that it transcendent the media or the forms that have transmitted it: she is a heroine of history†. (Warner 3). The book is about the career of Joan of Ark . It consists of three logical parts. The first and the second parts are the story of Joan and the third part deals with the Joan’s influence after her death on different fields of science and peoples’ history: French politics, church, literature, etc. The book is very comprehensive. The author explores Joan as a warrior, a hero and a woman at the same time. She explores medieval history and religious ides. That is how the author characterizes the heroine of the book: â€Å"she has an almost unique standing: she is a universal figure who is female, but is neither a queen, nor a courtesan, nor a beauty, nor a mother, nor an artist of one kind or another, nor – until the extreme recent date of 1920 when she was canonized – a saint.† (Warner 6). From a very poetical prologue, the author passes to the detailed description and analysis of the Joan’s life. First of all, the author focuses on the question of the appearance of heroine. She explores few portraits of the period, but none of them depicted a real appearance of a girl. What is interesting is that with the very first pages of the first par, the author claims that Joan was innocent. The author presents the fact that â€Å"Joan was a virgin† (Warner 15). At the age of 13, she gave a promise not to marry and until the last day of her life, she was keeping it.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Joan of Arc: A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More And according to medieval believes, â€Å"the devil could not have commerce with a virgin† (Warner 15). The author presents the historical facts taken from the documents of that time. Warner presents a complete description of the character and behavior of the girl, she mentions, â€Å"Joan’s beauty, which D’Aulon mentions, adds to the virtuousness of her resistance and becomes a commonpl ace of the saint’s life later.† (18). The author also present a detailed description of the Joan’s life when she was a child and during the war. All the soldiers admired her. From the historical survey, we come to know that she was not only a very brave, honest and self-confident, she was a beautiful women. We can suppose that all talks about her beauty were inspired by the beauty of her soul. As we know, at that time the external beauty was less important than the beauty of the inner world. The author pays a great attention to the divinity of the girl. Different psychological survey put forward an idea that her visions were just an invention of the â€Å"ill soul† and girl was simply mad. But how could a mad person do so many good things for her people. Moreover, isn’t it a miracle that so many strong warriors followed a tiny girl. It should be mentioned that Joan’s visions became one of the main reasons of her death. She was accused of bein g a witch, because only witches could have connection with the â€Å"parallel world of spirits†. So, as the author says about the first section of the book, â€Å"in part one, The Life and Death of Jeanne le Pucelle, I have tried to restore her to her own context† (8). And the author managed to do it. The second section of the book explores the event that took place during the last year of life of the girl. This period is characterized by endless trials and efforts of the Church and authorities to accuse Joan in political and crime of high treason. But, even despite of all accusation, the girl did not lost her faith in God. During the trials, she showed great courage, intellect and wisdom. However, she could accept all conditions and lead a life of a common peasant, she followed the voice of her soul and the God’s calling. Probably, never before and after the history knew such a glorious woman. The third part of the book is called The Afterlife of Joan of Arc. T his chapter explores the influence of the figure of Joan of Arc after her death. Simultaneously with the story of the Joan’s afterlife, the author explores the peculiarities of every historical à ©poque that followed the events. She does it through the analysis of literature that was written about Joan during these centuries.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the very beginning of the book, the author says that history is the product of peoples’ minds and their perception of the better world, â€Å" through this section I hope to have developed the underlying theme that when a story is told, it is told according to the perceptions of its hearers or its readers† (Warner 10). So, during centuries, there was different attitude to the figure of Joan of Arc. However, one thing is certain, there were not a person I the history that would be indifferent to the image of this girl. Even in the 17th century, when woman could not be treated as a heroine, moreover, as a leader, Joan of Arc remained a source of inspiration for hundreds of writers, major orders, philosophers, etc. She was and she is an exceptional image of a woman: â€Å"Joan is a preeminent heroine because she belongs to the sphere of action, while so many feminine figures or models are assigned and confident to the sphere of contemplation.† (Warner 10). Thus, the book by Marina Warner Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism is one of the best most comprehensive books about Joan of Arc. Warner presents Joan as a heroic woman, warrior and saint. The author explores every detail related to the heroine. We come to know about Joan’s life and beliefs, about attitudes to the heroine in different times. It is rather a scientific work, than a fiction book. So, the one who wants to know the history better and get acquainted with different points of view on the historical events, should be completely satisfied with the way the book casts light on the events of the hundred Years War and life of Joan of Arc. Works Cited Warner, Marina. Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000. This critical writing on Joan of Arc: A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique was written and submitted by user Gerald N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.