The Decade Of The 1980 S - 1423 Words

The decade of the 1980 s experienced a massive sorts of changes in economics and culture, this requires a certain analysis of the time and the way culture became intertwined with economics. The culture transformed and allowed the decade to be read as an experience of cultural products between culture and economy. Through the conspicuous consumption of the decade, the 1980s encouraged a cultural shift towards complete commodification (what is this) and interaction with the market. Ronald Reagan s presidency throughout the decade created a framework for the people, and ultimately, the culture to transform. His early and continued leadership outlined the tone of the decade and this gave a context for the theoretical work of neoliberalism†¦show more content†¦Reaganomics was an economic vision, that expressed a way of looking at the world, a framework for understanding the economy and society and the individual s place within both (Troy and Cannato, eds 128). This serves to fur ther understand and develop the relationship between society and economy. (how? Expand this quote, you used it for a reason) With the presidential leadership outlining this impression, it creates room for regeneration and reinvention to occur within the culture of the decade. Through the implementation of Reaganomics, the American culture was reinvigorated with a new vision of economics, and even individuality. Reagan consistently addressed the American people and his effort to restore the self-confidence of the American people and their faith in the traditions and institutions of the country was an important part of the national recovery during the 1980s (Troy and Cannato, eds, 31). A new cultural space was created and the American culture transformed in something that was produced and consumed. Americans spent time learning to find their space under the new economic shift and Reagan s confident leadership. The drive to support American confidence through the economic shifts c uts through the class politics and allows for Reaganomics to shape the decade in the later years. As the new space for culture and economics develops, America starts toShow MoreRelatedWhat I Learned About My Life During The Decade Of The 1980 S1683 Words   |  7 Pagestimeline. By this I mean that people living through the same decades have went through the same historical events such as with wars, precedencies, and all the signings between countries throughout the world. As I thought about who I wanted to interview for my history report, I concluded that I wanted to learn more about my mom when she was the same age as me. My interviewee that I chose was my mom, Lora Phelps, as she lived through the late 1980’s between the ages of 18-20. I wanted to learn what my momRead MoreEssay on The Evolution of the 1960s and 1980s: Jimi Hendrix1091 Words   |  5 PagesHendrix (â€Å"Jimi Hendrix Quote†). In the mid 1960’s Jimi Hendrix and many other musical artists extremely influenced this decade. In the 1980’s, there were also many influential musicians, singers, and songwriters that captivated the thoughts and movements of many people. Music influenced fashion and behavior in the 1960’s and 1980’s and these properties have been recognized throughout the years. Music went through an immense evolution in both of these decades. The fashion and behavior that derived fromRead MoreMusic Has Impacted Our World1585 Words   |  7 Pagesequalities, racism, political problems, and acceptance of the society. For example, 1960s was a decade marred by social unrest, civil rights injustice, and violence both home and abroad. These were some of the factors that lead to a cultural revolution. During these times, we could see how many artists aimed at these concerns through their lyrics, but the eighties had a big impact in our society. During this decade, The United States felt more liberalistic, and New ideologies were presented to our societyRead More1950s Fashion Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesFashion for women has become a majo r part of all decades and has changed constantly from day one. From one decade to another the trends and styles of clothes alternated drastically. The 1950’s started with long, flowy dresses. 1960’s moved to more playful, knee-length dresses. 1970’s was tight fitting clothes and platform shoes. 1980’s was all about bright colors. 1990’s included thrift shop clothes and more of a hip-hop style. Lastly, the 2000’s is all about short skirts and movie orientated clothesRead MoreAmerica s Age Of Hope1541 Words   |  7 Pages1980-1989: America’s Age of Hope From where did the vigor of the 1980’s come? 1980 to 1989 was a period in the United States which spurred hope for the economy and in the spirits of the people. The 1980’s were a decade of the American people standing together in tragedy and rejoicing with each other in victory. In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the decade and an age of an oppression overseas. America cheered for the freedom of her brothers and sisters in Germany. One highlightRead MoreThe Success Of The 1980 S1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The 1980’s were a period of many different innovations, studies, misfortunes, and explorations in the United States. This was a decade full of outspoken, optimistic and assertive Americans, this was a time for change. It was really a period that kind of refreshed the US and created a more confident country. There were many people that were trying to find a voice for themselves and realizing that people have a voice and it should be used and heard. Not only were thingsRead MoreThe Sixties Were A Great Decade1230 Words   |  5 Pages1980-1989 The eighties were a great decade so much went on in that time period especially at the beginning. The eighties started off with the assassination of John Lennon in 1980 which put a sadness in the music air and then in 1981 Bob Marley another great musician died. Music also changed a lot in the eighties as well it went from more of a disco in the 70’s to more of a rap sound in the 80’s. Musicians like Blonde, New Kids on the Block, and Sugar Hill Gangs where introduced in the eightiesRead MoreMusic in the 1980s1137 Words   |  5 PagesMusic In the 1980’s The 1980s was a decade of revolutionary changes on the music scene. The two major developments were the advent of MTV and the compact disc. Music became more diverse, with new wave, heavy metal, rap, techno pop, alternative rock and the new country sounds. And music became a huge marketing tool as filmmakers, TV producers and manufacturers of everything from sneakers to soft drinks used hit songs and hot performers to sell their products. Search: how pop culture affects teensRead MoreTechnology As You Know It1296 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology As You Know It In The 1980’ What is your idea on technology? Is it phones or computers or maybe even transportation? Through the past years technology progressed towards a brighter future. On June 29 2007 the first IPhone was developed for the public, the iPhone 2g sure was not the best phone that has been developed but it was a huge impact in the social economy. It was one of the first touchscreen phones everyone wanted one. Since the first iPhone was developed, why not make more it’sRead MoreLife Of The 1980 S1167 Words   |  5 PagesCassie Toth Mrs. Weide American HIstory II 18 November 2016   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life in the 1980’s   Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1980’s was a time of prosperity throughout America. From the Calendar that went from January 1st to December 31st to the increase of jobs. This decade was full of good changes socially, economically, and politically. The President of the United States during the 1980s was Ronald Reagan. The liberals were known as â€Å"Reagan Democrats†. The most significant event that happened under President

The American Of The United States - 1081 Words

The United States has always been a progressive nation from its start in the 1700s and eventual revolution against the British. After a rocky start as an independent nation, the U.S. began to expand create its own laws and ideas of democracy as well as trade throughout the world. Much of this intercultural trading and exploration of Manifest Destiny allowed the U.S. to grow economically, culturally, physically, and politically. Emerging as one of the more powerful nations, the U.S. became a bright new prospect for a better life, and many immigrants came into the United States. New York for example, was populated by the Dutch. Indentured servants also came to work as they envisioned a new life. Eventually when they were released, they built†¦show more content†¦Immigrant desire to reinvent themselves caused so much friction against Americans that it shaped early American culture for the better. After defending the colonies for many years, the British felt that they were allow ed to tax Americans to make up for it. Many acts and taxes, including the Stamp Act, caused the colonists to rebel. Eventually, the Declaration of Independence was written, uniting the American people against their British oppressors and causing the revolutionary era to begin. A new nation was born along with the American Revolution. As the colonies grew, immigration from all parts of the world came to establish their claim. Many indentured servants came and would eventually start their own farms, creating ethnic enclaves. Although in the beginning, there was mainly English colonists settling in the United States, it soon became extremely diverse, especially in the North. New York was established by the Dutch, who called the area New Amsterdam and specialized in the fur trade. American Creole slaves created their own sense of hierachy in an attempt to create a sense of importance from the oppression of their slave masters. Benjamin Franklin was afraid new immigration principles woul d affect new nation. By having different European ideas come to the U.S., the U.S. benefited from immigrants despite skepticism. Also, many territories and cities became established because of immigrants. People started to form political ideas about slavery and

Quantitative Tools Addressing Readmissions -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Quantitative Tools Addressing Readmissions? Answer: Introduction: Repeated hospitalisation is mainly dependent on the type and severity of psychiatric disorder. Repeated hospitalisation also reflects environmental and social aspects. Along with this, it also reflects deficiencies in pre and post discharge treatment. Readmissions can affect both patients and their families and hospitals1. Both patient families and hospital can experience psychological strain and financial burden. Hospital readmissions can be prevented by providing holistic care during the hospital stay, planned discharge and transition and adequate follow-up. Reduction in the hospital readmissions can be helpful in improving acceptance of the psychiatric patient in the society and improving confidence of the patient2. Usually, hospital readmissions within 30 days is considered as poor clinical outcome in case of psychiatric disorders. This accounting outcome might be due to inadequate community-based care after discharge, self-care and difficulties in adherence to the psychiatric medication. It has been estimated that approximately 9 % patients with principal mood disorders were readmitted and 12 % patients with any diagnosis of mood disorders were readmitted. It has been estimated that approximately 16 % patients with principal schizophrenia were readmitted and 19 % patients with any diagnosis of schizophrenia were readmitted. Adequate care at home can be used as a good indicator for reduced readmission for psychiatric disorders. However, it has been estimated that only 1 6 % patients with mood disorders and schizophrenia receive proper care at home3. Initial cost for the management of psychiatric disorders is lower as compared to the other conditions. However, readmission cost for psychiatric d isorders is more as compared to other disorders. As compared to other conditions, patients with psychiatric conditions like mood and schizophrenia are with more discharge disposition of home-care or self-care. 89 % patients with mood disorders and 78 % patients with schizophrenia are with discharge disposition of home-care or self-care. 62 % patients with other than psychiatric conditions are with discharge disposition of home-care or self-care4. Mood disorder and schizophrenia are the major causes of hospital readmissions along with other causes like alcohol related disorders and substance related disorders. Male patients (14 %) are more prone to readmissions as compared to the female patients (12 %). 12.5 %, 14.5 % and 12.6 % patients were readmitted between age group 18-44, 45-64 and above 65 respectively. Patient level predictors of hospital readmissions can be confounding however system level predictors like capacity, structure or treatment of organisation can be definite predictors of hospital readmissions. Patient level predictors like length of stay and patient receiving aftercare are the confounding predictors of hospital readmissions. To determine whether counselling delivered telephonically by mental health professional instantly followed by discharge is efficient in reducing risks of hospital readmissions according to interRAI MH. Design and setting: A matched cross over study will be implemented for the reduction of hospital readmission for psychiatric patients. This pre-post-test design study will be conducted between January 1, 2016 to October 31, 2016. Pre and post test, can be helpful in evaluating impact of intervention because parameters prior to and after completion of intervention can be compared in the same population. Pre and post intervention can be useful in measuring value addition to the samples in the programme. This programme will be implemented in the 15 hospitals of the Ontario Hospital Association and Health Quality Ontario. Evaluation of the implemented programme will be carried out between January 2016 to October 2016. In this study, 2000 patients will be enrolled from the different Ontario Hospitals based on the mentioned exclusion and inclusion criteria. These number of patients will be enrolled because it will give power for statistical significance. Out of these, 1000 patients will be randomised to the c ontrol arm. For control arm patients, normal discharge will be provided followed by normal care. Remaining 1000 patients will be randomised to intervention arm and to these patients normal discharge will be provided followed by telephone based . Telephone based counselling will be provided for the duration of 4 weeks. Blocked randomisation schedule and two sets of sealed envelopes will be prepared for the randomisation. One set of envelop will be labelled as control arm and another as intervention arm. Patients will be allowed to open the folders and they will be allocated to control and intervention arm based on their envelops5. Inclusion criteria: Patients enrolled in the study need to meet following criteria : a) all the patients should be above age 18 years, b) should be admitted to the hospital for more than 4 hours, c) patients should be discharged home, d) should have working telephone, e) should speak English, f) devoid of medical record of cognitive impairment, g) screen positive for mood disorder and schizophrenia and g) should have life expectancy of more than 90 days. Exclusion criteria: a) patient should not be planned for inpatient rehabilitation, nursing home or other healthcare facilities after discharge, b) suicidal tendency, c) alcohol and/or drug dependence, and d) in police custody6. Strengths and limitations: Strengths: Environmental factors can influence internal validity of study design. However, in this study, control group will be incorporated along with intervention group. Hence, it would be helpful in neutralising environmental effect. Population external validity will be the strength of this study because results of this study can not be generalised to patients without intervention for psychiatric disorders. Limitations: Maturation and carryover effect can affect internal validity in this study design. Maturation can occur due to change in participants for pre-test to post-test. Carryover effect occur due to influence of pre-test on the outcome of post-test. Ecological external validity can be limitation in this study design because home environment can be different from the hospital environment7, 8. Though this study is associated with limitations, this study is more useful as compared to other designs because it gives data about the real world study. Results of this study can be used as evidence for the future studies. Control and intervention groups can be compared in this study. Statistical power can be obtained in this study. Rationale for evaluation programme: Data related to hospital readmissions will be collected for the duration of 6 months. Evaluation of the programme will be helpful for the amendment and improvement of the evaluation programme. For the reduction of the hospital readmissions, counselling should be provided to the patients and family members. Hence, telephone-based counselling will be provided to reduce risk of hospital readmissions. Risks of readmissions include interRAI variables like prior hospitalizations, greater severity in several clinical conditions such as psychosis, presence of a secondary substance use diagnosis, and being unemployed. Counselling will comprise of aspects like improve patient engagement and adherence to the intervention9. Data collection: There are different sources of data like existing data and new data. Existing data comprising of information given by OHA/HQO and HIS. It includes health service use, diagnoses, living arrangements and employment, mental health symptoms, substance use, and functioning, and rehospitalization CAP. New data will be collected by trained research nurse. Equivalent data will be collected pre-intervention and post-intervention. After the completion of four weeks counselling sessions to the patients, telephone survey will be conducted to assess hospital readmission status and treatment utilization for psychiatric condition. Data will comprise of baseline data of patients, duration of index hospitals stay, diagnosis during hospital admission, symptoms and comorbidities. Information related to living conditions, employment status, abusive substance use and functioning will also be collected. Data related to hospital admissions in the six months prior to index admission will also be collected. Health information system (HIS) will be helpful in gathering personalised information about the patient in terms of discharge summaries, prescribed medicines, results of diagnostic laboratory test, clinical and imaging biomarkers. HIS will be helpful in improving patient safety, improving quality of intervention and avoiding unnecessary readmissions10. Dependent variables: Period between discharge and readmission will be considered as the dependent variable. Collected data like baseline data of patients, duration of index hospitals stay, diagnosis during hospital admission and comorbidities will be corelated with readmissions within timeline of 30, 60 and 90 days. Readmissions within 30, 60 and 90 days will be compared with each other. It will be helpful in corelating severity of disease, type of disease, prescribed medicines and age of the patient with each of the readmission timeline. This programme will also assess the measures for readmission of the psychiatric patients. Readmission data will be helpful in answering the proposal question11,12. Independent variables : Demographic factors, medical treatment and healthcare utilization are the risk factors mainly responsible for the readmission of psychiatric patients. Demographic factors include sex, age, income and management level. Age will be important independent variable because with the increase in the age there will be more severity of the psychiatric disease. Comparison among male and female will be analysed for hospital readmissions because from the literature it is evident that male is more prone to hospital readmissions as compared to female. This study will be helpful in further validating more susceptibility of male towards hospital readmissions. Unemployment and illiteracy are the prominent reasons responsible for the hospital readmissions in the psychiatric patients. Hence, income and education level will be assessed as independent variable in this study. Accurate administration of the medicines for psychiatric conditions and adequate utilization of healthcare facilities will be helpf ul in reducing hospital readmissions11,12. Evaluation strategy: This proposal will incorporate engagement of the skilled healthcare professionals for the evaluation of hospital readmissions. It will also include training for medical professionals for evaluation of hospital readmissions. Healthcare professional will be trained for compilation, analysis and interpretation of the results. Fixed tabular formats will be prepared for compilation of the results. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) will be used for the analysis the data. Trained statistician will be recruited for the statistical evaluation of the data13. Several activities will be planned for the effective evaluation of the implemented programme for hospital readmission reduction programme. Medical and nursing staff will be trained for the discharge activities and readmission evalaution by programme coordinator. On monthly basis meetings will be implemented for the evaluation of implementation of the programme. Stakeholders of this meeting will comprise of project coordinator, the staff nurses and medical specialist, senior level registered nurse and residents. Different interRAI variables like prior hospitalizations, greater severity in several clinical conditions such as psychosis, presence of a secondary substance use diagnosis, and being unemployed will be enquired by the stakeholders of the evaluation programme. Comparison will be done for these interRAI indicators before and after the implementation of the programme. Telephonic call will be arranged for recruited patients twice a week for the duration of four weeks14. Outcomes: Primary endpoint of this programme will be hospital readmission within 30 days followed by within 60 days and 90 days. Hospital readmissions will be measured in two different ways : 1) data retrieval from the hospital records and 2) self-reporting by the patients. Secondary outcomes will include length of hospital stay after readmission, time to hospital readmission, frequency and duration of readmission, total number of general practitioner or emergency department visits and patient satisfaction in discharge process. Separate medical records will be maintained for the patients, those cant be contacted within four weeks of counselling session15,16. In the initial phase, balance of patient characteristics will be measured because it should be equally distributed among control and intervention group due to randomisation. Descriptive statistics will be used for the analysis of patient psychiatric characteristics. Differences between the pre and post test will be evaluated by applying chi-square or Student t-tests. Statistical analysis will be carried out separately for hospital readmissions within 30, 90 and 180 days. Percentage of hospital readmissions in the individual hospitals will be calculated. Readmission rate will be compared with varied factors like patient related factors (demographic status, educational status, living conditions and employment status), disease related factors (severity of the disease, types of symptoms) and hospital related factors (utilization of healthcare facilities). Biasness due to different set up of hospitals will be reduced by categorising hospitals in the different groups. External validity wil l be monitored by controlling hospital characteristics. These hospital characteristics include region, hospital proximity and patient discharge volume. Subgroup analysis will also be performed. Patients admitted to the hospital prior to the index hospitalisation will be at higher risk of readmission. Hence, subgroup analysis is required in these patients. Age, sex, discharge diagnosis and total number of readmissions in the last six months prior to index admission will be used as covariates or confounding factors2, 17, 18. Hospital readmissions evaluation programme can be affected by multiple factors like evaluation design, variables affecting design and outcome of the evaluation programme, alternatives to hospital readmissions, changes in readmissions with respect to different patient and impact of different stakeholders in the evaluation programme. Hence, multivariate analysis will be used in this evaluation programme because it can give statistical outcome considering multiple fa ctors. Confidence interval will be computed from the observed data. For each parameter confidence interval will be computed for prior and after hospital readmission. 5 % confidence interval will be considered as statistically significant. Comparison will be made prior and hospital admission. Table 1 : Evaluation team involved in programme will be as follows19 : Team Members Role and task Principal investigator Main task in the evaluation process is to oversee evaluation implementation, submitting reports and having ultimate responsibility of the program. Project coordinating person Trained statistician Internal evaluator The main role will be overseeing administrative and fiscal functions Statistics task. Internal evaluator will be responsible in conducting surveys, gathering information and analyzing data External evaluator This will be responsible in designing and guiding the evaluation process of the program process. He/she will review internal findings, engaging in external assessments and offers reports to funder. Table 2 : Baseline characteristics of study population20,21 Characteristics Pre-test Post-test Patients (n) 1000 1000 Age, mean (SD), years Male % Female % Employment status Employed Un-employed Educational status Schooling College Graduation Readmission to the hospital within 6 months of index admissions Length of index hospital stay Table What is the prevalence of the problem? Does the patients status affected by mood status, history of hospitalization, substance abuse, living status, employment status ? How many individuals are participating? What are the changes in performance? How many/what resources are used during implementation? How many participants are attending telephonic counselling sessions ? Is there a change in quality of life? Is there a change in health measures? Is there a difference between before and after? Has the patient displayed potential risk as per CAP guideline? What is the readmission frequency of the patient, 30,90 or 180 ? What is the first readmission time for 30, 90 and 180 days time points ? What is first readmission duration for first readmission for 30, 90 and 180 days time points ? HIS Table 4: Healthcare utilization and patient satisfaction four weeks during counselling20,21 Characteristics Pre-test Post-test Cl value Patients (n) 1000 1000 Length of index hospital stay Readmissions Readmissions within 30 days Readmissions within 60 days Readmissions within 90 days Time for first readmission Number of readmissions within 30, 60 and 90 days. Duration of first readmission Other healthcare utilization General practitioner visits Emergency department visits Patient satisfaction with discharge procedure Table 5: Programme outcome and outcome measures20,21: Outcome Outcome measures Clinical efficacy Whether psychiatric symptoms will be improved in the intervention group as compared to the control group Patient efficacy Whether intervention group will he having less number of hospital readmissions as compared to the control group. Healthcare staff fidelity Healthcare professionals execution of the programme protocol will be evaluated: How many post-discharge counselling sessions will be attended by healthcare professional telephonically. How much time healthcare professional will spend on each post-discharge counselling session. How much time healthcare professional will spend on weekly post-discharge counselling session. Success in recruitment and randomization How many actually enrolled patients will be eligible for participation in the programme. Record will be maintained for the drop-out participants prior to completion of the study. Baseline characteristics of both control and intervention arm will be compared. Success of counselling session Percent participants receiving counselling session. Percent participants attending primary healthcare providers within two weeks of discharge. Percent participants contacted telephonically post-discharge. References: Mittenberg W, Canyock EM, Condit D, Patton C. Treatment of post-concussion syndrome following mild head injury. Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology. 2001; 23(6):829-36. Kansagara D, Englander H, Salanitro A, et al. Risk prediction models for hospital readmission: a systematic review. JAMA. 2011; 306:1688-98. Allaudeen N, Vidyarthi A, Maselli J, Auerbach A. Redefining readmission risk factors for general medicine patients. J Hosp Med. 2011; 6:54-60. Vigod SN, Kurdyak PA, Dennis CL, Leszcz T, Taylor VH, Blumberger DM, et al. Transitional interventions to reduce early psychology readmissions in adults: systematic review. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2013;202(3):18794. Dudas V, Bookwalter T, Kerr KM, Pantilat SZ. The impact of follow-up telephone calls to patients after hospitalization. Am J Med. 2001; 111:26S-30S. Elna M N, Mat R, Brian W. Adding Socioeconomic Data To Hospital Readmissions Calculations May Produce More Useful Results. , Health Aff (Millwood). 2014. 33(5): 786791. Verhaegh KJ, Buurman BM, Veenboer GC, de Rooij SE, Geerlings SE. The implementation of a comprehensive discharge bundle to improve the discharge process: a quasi-experimental study. Neth J Med. 2014;72(6):318-25. Lee EW. Selecting the best prediction model for readmission. J Prev Med Public Health. 2012;45(4):259-66. Mitchell SE, Martin JM, Krizman K, Sadikova E, Culpepper L, Stewart SK, Brown JR, Jack BW. Design and rationale for a randomized controlled trial to reduce readmissions among patients with depressive symptoms. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015;45(Pt B):151-156. Marzuki N, Ismail S, Al-Sadat N, Ehsan FZ, Chan CK, Ng CW. Integrating Information and Communication Technology for Health Information System Strengthening: A Policy Analysis. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(8 Suppl):86S-93S. Jasti H, Mortensen EM, Obrosky DS, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ. Causes and risk factors for rehospitalization of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.Clin Infect Dis.2008;46(4):550556. Silverstein MD, Qin H, Mercer SQ, Fong J, Haydar Z. Risk factors for 30-day hospital readmission in patients 65 years of age.Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent. 2008;21(4):363372. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987; 40:373-83. Grol R, Grimshaw J. From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients care. Lancet. 2003; 362:1225-30. Brook RH, McGlynn EA, Shekelle PG. Defining and measuring quality of care: a perspective from US researchers. Int J Qual Health Care. 2000; 12:281-95. Hulscher ME, Laurant MG, Grol RP. Process evaluation on quality improvement interventions. Qual Saf HealthCare. 2003; 12:40-6. Lagoe RJ, Nanno DS, Luziani ME. Quantitative tools for addressing hospital readmissions. BMC Res Notes. 2012; 5: 620. doi: 1186/1756-0500-5-620. Chow SK, Wong FK. A randomized controlled trial of a nurse-led case management programme for hospital-discharged older adults with co-morbidities. J Adv Nurs. 2014 ;70(10):2257-71. Mitchell JP. Association of provider communication and discharge instructions on lower readmissions. J Healthc Qual. 2015 ;37(1):33-40. Jackson AH, Fireman E, Feigenbaum P, Neuwirth E, Kipnis P, Bellows J. 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Joan of Arc A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique

History is flourishing with heroic figures who gave their lives to serve their people, freedom and justice. Each country can present an endless list of national heroes who are the things to be proud of for all French nation. However, the majority of famous historic figures are men, but women can also be proud of thousands of representatives of their sex made great contribution to the flow of history. One of such women is Joan of Arc, probably the most famous women in West European history.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Joan of Arc: A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thousands of books explore her biography and thousands of academic papers are devoted to this great woman. The subject of the majority of books is the biography of Joan of Ark. In this paper, I am going to explore one of the books devoted to Joan of Arc and provide its critical analysis. First of all , brief information about Joan of Ark. Joan has a unique role in the history of western Europe. She is one of the most outstanding female heroes of all times. Today, she is known as Saint Joan of Arc and the Maid of Orleans. She is a national heroin of France and one of the main saints of the Catholic Church. She is an example of true courage and high spirit. The one who had a saint gift, the one who fought for her people and the one who died for her believes. All scientists admire the story of this great woman and all French people are greatly proud of her. Her life was not long, but she did more than many people could do to for an entire century. At the age of 19, she was known through the whole France. Her story began when she was twelve years old. It was than when she saw her first Divine vision. She said that she saw three Saints: Saint Catherine, Saint Michael and Saint Margaret who said her to escort Dauphin for his coronation in Reims. Before her historic journey, she was a simple peasant girl without special talents. And nobody could predict that this tiny girl will lead troops of French soldiers to the victory. At the age of 17, she got an interview with the French court at Chinon and made predictions about the military actions near Orleans that amazed everybody presented. An event that never occurred in history before played a decisive role in the flow of the Hundred Years War. A young girl of 17 was equipped for war, moreover, Dauphin placed her at the head of the army. Ander the leadership of this skillful and amazing girl, the army roused again. Despite all her feat of arms, there was a trial on her. It had a political ground and a poor girl was blamed in things she never did.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, she was accused of being a witch. Paradoxically, the one who served to Church and to her country was accused of being a witch. At the age of 19, she was burned to death. Then, her body was burned again to ensure that she did not escape. Thus, the authorities believed in her divinity and they were afraid of her. Twenty years later, she was declared innocent and in 1920, she was canonized as a Saint. Today, she is a patron Saint of France. One can find all this information in a great book by Marina Warner Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism. The book presents a deep insight into the biography of the girl. It opens with the words that attract the reader’s attention and hold it until the last word in the book: â€Å"A story lives in relation to its tellers and its receivers; it continues because people want to hear it again, and it changes according to their tastes and needs. Joan of Arc is the centre of a story so famous that it transcendent the media or the forms that have transmitted it: she is a heroine of history†. (Warner 3). The book is about the career of Joan of Ark . It consists of three logical parts. The first and the second parts are the story of Joan and the third part deals with the Joan’s influence after her death on different fields of science and peoples’ history: French politics, church, literature, etc. The book is very comprehensive. The author explores Joan as a warrior, a hero and a woman at the same time. She explores medieval history and religious ides. That is how the author characterizes the heroine of the book: â€Å"she has an almost unique standing: she is a universal figure who is female, but is neither a queen, nor a courtesan, nor a beauty, nor a mother, nor an artist of one kind or another, nor – until the extreme recent date of 1920 when she was canonized – a saint.† (Warner 6). From a very poetical prologue, the author passes to the detailed description and analysis of the Joan’s life. First of all, the author focuses on the question of the appearance of heroine. She explores few portraits of the period, but none of them depicted a real appearance of a girl. What is interesting is that with the very first pages of the first par, the author claims that Joan was innocent. The author presents the fact that â€Å"Joan was a virgin† (Warner 15). At the age of 13, she gave a promise not to marry and until the last day of her life, she was keeping it.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Joan of Arc: A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More And according to medieval believes, â€Å"the devil could not have commerce with a virgin† (Warner 15). The author presents the historical facts taken from the documents of that time. Warner presents a complete description of the character and behavior of the girl, she mentions, â€Å"Joan’s beauty, which D’Aulon mentions, adds to the virtuousness of her resistance and becomes a commonpl ace of the saint’s life later.† (18). The author also present a detailed description of the Joan’s life when she was a child and during the war. All the soldiers admired her. From the historical survey, we come to know that she was not only a very brave, honest and self-confident, she was a beautiful women. We can suppose that all talks about her beauty were inspired by the beauty of her soul. As we know, at that time the external beauty was less important than the beauty of the inner world. The author pays a great attention to the divinity of the girl. Different psychological survey put forward an idea that her visions were just an invention of the â€Å"ill soul† and girl was simply mad. But how could a mad person do so many good things for her people. Moreover, isn’t it a miracle that so many strong warriors followed a tiny girl. It should be mentioned that Joan’s visions became one of the main reasons of her death. She was accused of bein g a witch, because only witches could have connection with the â€Å"parallel world of spirits†. So, as the author says about the first section of the book, â€Å"in part one, The Life and Death of Jeanne le Pucelle, I have tried to restore her to her own context† (8). And the author managed to do it. The second section of the book explores the event that took place during the last year of life of the girl. This period is characterized by endless trials and efforts of the Church and authorities to accuse Joan in political and crime of high treason. But, even despite of all accusation, the girl did not lost her faith in God. During the trials, she showed great courage, intellect and wisdom. However, she could accept all conditions and lead a life of a common peasant, she followed the voice of her soul and the God’s calling. Probably, never before and after the history knew such a glorious woman. The third part of the book is called The Afterlife of Joan of Arc. T his chapter explores the influence of the figure of Joan of Arc after her death. Simultaneously with the story of the Joan’s afterlife, the author explores the peculiarities of every historical à ©poque that followed the events. She does it through the analysis of literature that was written about Joan during these centuries.Advertising Looking for critical writing on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the very beginning of the book, the author says that history is the product of peoples’ minds and their perception of the better world, â€Å" through this section I hope to have developed the underlying theme that when a story is told, it is told according to the perceptions of its hearers or its readers† (Warner 10). So, during centuries, there was different attitude to the figure of Joan of Arc. However, one thing is certain, there were not a person I the history that would be indifferent to the image of this girl. Even in the 17th century, when woman could not be treated as a heroine, moreover, as a leader, Joan of Arc remained a source of inspiration for hundreds of writers, major orders, philosophers, etc. She was and she is an exceptional image of a woman: â€Å"Joan is a preeminent heroine because she belongs to the sphere of action, while so many feminine figures or models are assigned and confident to the sphere of contemplation.† (Warner 10). Thus, the book by Marina Warner Joan of Arc: the image of female heroism is one of the best most comprehensive books about Joan of Arc. Warner presents Joan as a heroic woman, warrior and saint. The author explores every detail related to the heroine. We come to know about Joan’s life and beliefs, about attitudes to the heroine in different times. It is rather a scientific work, than a fiction book. So, the one who wants to know the history better and get acquainted with different points of view on the historical events, should be completely satisfied with the way the book casts light on the events of the hundred Years War and life of Joan of Arc. Works Cited Warner, Marina. Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000. This critical writing on Joan of Arc: A Story of a Heroic Woman. Book Critique was written and submitted by user Gerald N. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Nursing Care and Management

Nursing Care and Management To ensure that residents are receiving a high quality of care, which fits their needs, I will use the methods presented below. They will guarantee that the team of hotel services, administration and activities as well as care staff delivers results, which have a positive outcome. First, each resident will receive a unique treatment based on his or her needs, preferences and interests.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Care and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As head of care, my concern will dwell on improving the dialogue between the team and our residents. Secondly, I will maintain the training programs for staffs that are already in place. I will discuss with the team so that customized messages that embody the core values within the home become the first reference points for individual decision-making. My first goal would be to build trust with residents and the care team. I will therefore conduc t myself appropriately and offer a consistent approach to issues based on the home’s core values. Thus, I will be caring and compassionate to both residents and staffs. I will be accountable and attentive to feedback and work related details. I will remain reliable and responsive by availing myself for duties in time and attending to raised concerns within the shortest time possible. Lastly, I will ensure that I empathize with residents and the care team by recognizing their individuality, their work environment and personal challenges that they may be facing. Therefore, all personal communication will remain private and will not be used to judge a person’s work output or care expectation. Rather, the confidential social relations will inform my choice of conduct for delivering a personalized care and administration in the home. I will keep my engagements with staffs and residents morally upright. I will allow staffs to review job improvement suggestions, and continuou sly ask them how well they are relating to each other. This will show them that I care about their work. Moreover, when my decision has an impact on the team, I will discuss the underlying issues with them before the decision and after. Lastly, to build trust, I will use a participative leadership approach and acquaint myself with the various work assignments that people are doing in different departments. This will give me a better understanding of their condition of work and any arising work related issue. It will also demonstrate that I highly regard their value in the organization. To create an atmosphere of open communication, I will allocate a few hours per week for collecting staff ideas, feedback and any concern that they may harbour. This time would be separate from meetings and would allow for the discussion of matters that require more confidentiality that staff-meetings would not offer. During staff meetings, I will initiate a visualization exercise for the team to see w hat it would be like if it meets its goals.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The meetings will inform staffs of their importance in collectively fulfilling the homes mission. I will continue reassigning the equivalent duties to the same person even when they make work-related mistakes as long as they take responsibility of their mistakes. This gesture would show them that I expect the best from them and believe they are capable of delivering. I will relate staff meetings and work-related discussions to the values of Fernhill. Although I will sometimes deal with team members independently, my actions and decisions will be informed by the need to foster a team spirit. This will include the recognition of exemplary or mediocre performance. Most importantly, I will strive to give my attention to the little details of affection such as asking about a person’s day. Th is would create an informal and free relation within the formal structure of Fernhill, and promote team values. Work efficiency and customer satisfaction requires constant improvement. My strategy would be to have daily activity benchmarks, especially at the point of contact with the residents. For example, I will lead the team in measuring how many accidents have been avoided in a day; how many residents with queries have been attended to and whether a routine on the condition of residents has highlighted negligence in care. Routines will be completed by checklists, which would reduce significantly cases of forgetfulness of staff and prevent rushed procedures in case of emergencies. A checklist will also assist my management of team affairs such as attending to raised issues during staff meetings, or ensuring that I do not miss any part of my job description while doing my routine. Colleagues will review team member appraisals, and the individuals will have the opportunity to give their remarks. This would provide a level playing field as reviewers would have the same job expectations and experience as the person receiving the appraisal. The exercise would prevent the placement of unmatchable demands on job performance and being a peer review. It would be more effective for identifying skill imbalances. Furthermore, I will review all appraisals, and make recommendations for training or work balance adjustments. Finally, I will lead the team in organizing and participating at ceremonial events for residents or team members to infuse fun and improve work relations through the informal gatherings.

Name Change for ISIS

Name Change for ISIS Name Change for ISIS Name Change for ISIS By Maeve Maddox English speakers have yet to agree on a word, phrase or acronym to label the terrorist group making news for such atrocities as beheading noncombatants and butchering unarmed prisoners. A few years ago, American journalists started referring to the group that was calling itself â€Å"Al-Dawla Al-Islamiya fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham† as ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria), but this acronym has proved to be a poor choice; it suggests that the group’s focus is limited to Iraq and Syria. The term al-Sham does not stand for Syria. The English translation of al-Sham is â€Å"the Levant.† Levant came into English from French in the 15th century with the meaning â€Å"East,† (from French lever, â€Å"to rise.†) The region referred to was in the East. The sun rises in the east, ergo, levant (rising), present participle of lever. The Levant is â€Å"the eastern part of the Mediterranean, with its islands and the countries adjoining.† According to one interpretation, the Levant is made up of Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and part of southern Turkey. Others claim that the Levant refers only to Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine. The Associated Press has rejected the continued use of ISIS, preferring ISIL (L for Levant) as a more accurate interpretation of al-Sham. John Daniszewski, AP vice president and senior managing editor for international news, says, â€Å"We believe this is the most accurate translation of the group’s name and reflects its aspirations to rule over a broad swath of the Middle East.† Since June 2014, when the terrorist group named a â€Å"caliph† and dropped both Iraq and Levant from its name, ISIL has become less than accurate as a reflection of the group’s aspirations. Referring to themselves as â€Å"the Islamic State† reflects their self-image as a reincarnation of the medieval caliphate founded in the 7th century. The Umayyad caliphate (661-750) conquered lands from Arabia to Spain; their advance into Western Europe in 732 was turned back by Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours. The words caliph and caliphate derive from Arabic khilafa, â€Å"succession.† A caliph is seen as the successor of Muhammad. A caliphate is a sovereign state ruled by a caliph under Islamic law (sharia). The office of caliph combines the functions of king and priest. British journalists seem to have decided on the initials IS as a short way of referring to the group without limiting its perceived goals to any particular region of the world. They use the term â€Å"Islamic State† for the first reference in an article and the capitalized initials IS in subsequent references. It seems to me that either ISIL or IS is preferable to ISIS. As a student of mythology and comparative religion, I cringe every time I hear the murderous terrorists referred to by an acronym that sounds like the name of the benign mother goddess Isis. And I sympathize with women like Isis Martinez of Miami who sees people â€Å"recoil in disgust† when she introduces herself these days. Postscript: I just heard an American reporter on NPR refer to the group as IS. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had20 Words Meaning "Being or Existing in the Past"Sentence Adverbs

Isaac’s Storm, by Erik Larson Research Paper

Isaac’s Storm, by Erik Larson - Research Paper Example (Isaacs Storm Erik Larson Book Review.). Symbolizing the storm, Mr. Larson quite clearly suggests his thesis as confluence of human error; arrogance and politics were the root causes that made the way for such a catastrophe. The writer, Thurston Hatcher rightly comments about the book that it is not a disaster book on the other hand it is a cautionary tale about an era in which great technological progress created a flawed sense of invincibility. One of the main points that Larson wants to boost through his work is that technological hubris will always place us in trouble with nature. Thurston Hatcher further comments that human beings are much concerned about the complacency that new tools can bring but at the same time he fails to give the deserving attention to the disaster that may happen one day. (Hatcher, 2000). In Isaac’s Storm Erik Larson tells the story of Galveston, its people and the hurricane that devastated them with the help of an effective blending of science and history. In narrating the whole episod e the author keeps the tempo rising in pace with the wind and waves. The personal account presented in this work attributes a realistic touch and promotes the reader’s credibility. The only fault that one could find is a lack of photographs because on a number of occasions Larson refers to old black and white photographs that he had seen during his research for this book, but he forgets to share these with his audience. Considering all these factors this is a great work worthy to be

Fast Food Restaurants are Responsible for Obesity in U.S Research Paper

Fast Food Restaurants are Responsible for Obesity in U.S - Research Paper Example Moreover, it has been noted that the fast-food sector attracts the middle class by locating restaurants along highways and offering foods that attract a large number of Americans. Lower prices, free toys and convenience target the middle class particularly those who are budget-conscious (Strom, 2011). Furthermore, advertisements for fast-food restaurants are normally immensely appealing and thus attract many customers to visit the restaurants in order to get the deliciously served foods they see on advertisements. As a result, these people are likely to visit the restaurant frequently due to increasing appeals the advertisers pose. Even-though, it is clear that fast foods are to some extent responsible for Obesity in America, the restaurants are not responsible for notifying the public about the risks because people are free to make their decisions concerning what to eat or not. Research has shown that working class persons visit fast foods more often than the rich people do. This means that these people are learned and; therefore, they are aware of the dangers of consuming fast foods. In addition, one can argue that Obesity does not result solely from eating fast foods; it can result from cigarette smoking, and lack of exercise. Strom, S. (November 30, 2011)Toys Stay in San Francisco Happy Meals, for a Charge. The New York Times. Retrieved from

Heat Detector Essay Example for Free

Heat Detector Essay When present, humans can be excellent fire detectors. The healthy person is able to sense multiple aspects of a fire including the heat, flames, smoke, and odors. For this reason, most fire alarm systems are designed with one or more manual alarm activation devices to be used by the person who discovers a fire. Unfortunately, a person can also be an unreliable detection method since they may not be present when a fire starts, may not raise an alarm in an effective manner, or may not be in perfect heath to recognize fire signatures. It is for this reason that a variety of automatic fire detectors have been developed. Automatic detectors are meant to imitate one or more of the human senses of touch, smell or sight. Thermal detectors are similar to our ability to identify high temperatures. The properly selected and installed automatic detector can be a highly reliable fire sensor. Our automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, our fire alarm system is classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services, and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke. Whenever the system detects a high temperature, the fire alarm will inform the area and send a text message to the fire station and will inform them the specific block/area in the subdivision which is on fire. GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer and a GSM-GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries. In our system, we will be using GSM modem Nokia 6300 for the output of text. The device will send a text message to the nearest fire station and will inform which house is on fire. Control Panel The control panel is the brain of the fire detection and alarm system. It is responsible for monitoring the various alarm input devices such as manual and automatic detection components, and then activating alarm output devices such as horns, bells, warning lights, emergency telephone dialers, and building controls. Control panels may range from simple units with a single input and output zone, to complex computer driven systems that monitor several buildings over an entire campus. Upon fire occurrence, one or more detectors will operate. This action closes the circuit, which the fire control panel recognizes as an emergency condition. The panel will then activate one or more signaling circuits to sound building alarms and summon emergency help. The panel may also send the signal to another alarm panel so that it can be monitored from a remote point. Alarm Output Devices Upon receiving an alarm notification, the fire alarm control panel must now tell someone that an emergency is underway. This is the primary function of the alarm output aspect of a system. Occupant signalling components include various audible and visual alerting components, and are the primary alarm output devices. All fire alarm systems require notification devices, including sirens, bells, horns, and/or strobes. In residential applications, each automatic alarm initiating device when activated shall cause the operation of an alarm notification device that shall be clearly audible in all bedrooms over ambient or background noise levels (at least 15dB above noise) with all intervening doors closed. Bells are the most common and familiar alarm sounding device, and are appropriate for most building applications. Horns are another option, and are especially well suited to areas where a loud signal is needed such as library stacks, and architecturally sensitive buildings where devices n eed partial concealment. In this case, we will be using Siren as the alarm output device. Some of the major benefits of installation of fire alarms are as follows. †¢ Safety is the most important reason why we should have fire alarms in our house, even before a fire breaks out, the smoke detectors tell you there is a possibility of a fire and you can safely be out of danger. Secondly being pre informed about a possible fire, a prompt message can be conveyed to the fire workers. As a result of this, damage can be minimized and valuables can be saved from being burnt to ashes. †¢ A house with a fire alarm is a safer house and fetches a far better price in the real estate market. The customers feel secured when they see that they are opting for a property that has the safety measures installed. †¢ Using a fire alarm is a cost effective way to ensure that your assets are not in danger. Being noted beforehand you can move them out quickly thus saving your valuables from being burnt. †¢ The alarm works even when nobody is in the house and thus alerts the neighbours. This way your home can be protected from any major damages. Limitations of our Heat Sensor †¢ Heat detectors do not sense particles of combustion and are designed to alarm only when heat on their sensors increase at a predetermined rate or reaches a predetermined level. Heat detectors are designed to protect property, not life. †¢ Warning devices (including horns, sirens, and bells) may not alert people or wake up sleepers who are located on the other side of closed or partially open doors. A warning device that activates on a different floor or level of a dwelling or structure is less likely to awaken or alert people. Even persons who are awake may not notice the warning if the alarm is muffled by noise from a stereo, radio, air conditioner or other appliance, or by passing traffic. Audible warning devices may not alert the hearing-impaired (strobes or other devices should be provided to warn these people). Any warning device may fail to alert people with a disability, deep sleepers, people who have recently used alcohol or drugs, or people on medication or sleeping pills. Temperature Sensor The Thermistor Thermistors are temperature sensitive resistors. All resistors vary with temperature, but thermistors are constructed of semiconductor material with a resistivity that is especially sensitive to temperature. However, unlike most other resistive devices, the resistance of a thermistor decreases with increasing temperature. Thats due to the properties of the semiconductor material that the thermistor is made from. A Thermistor is a temperature dependent resistor. When temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor changes in a predictable way. Sensor Advantages and Disadvantages [pic] Each sensor type has advantages and disadvantages. For thermistors, the major advantages are: Sensitivity: This allows thermistors to sense very small changes in temperature. Accuracy: Thermistors offer both high absolute accuracy and interchangeability. Cost: For the high performance they offer, thermistors are very cost-effective. Ruggedness: Because of their construction, thermistors are very rugged. Flexibility: Thermistors can be configured into a wide variety of physical forms, including very small packages. Hermetic Seal: Glass encapsulation provides a hermetic package, eliminating moisture induced sensor failure. Surface Mount: A wide range of sizes and resistance tolerances are available. Of the thermistor disadvantages, typically only self-heating is a design consideration. Proper care must be taken to limit the sensing current to a low enough value that self-heat error is minimized to an acceptable value. Types of Thermistors Thermistor Elements The thermistor element is the simplest form of thermistor. Because of their compact size, thermistor elements are commonly used when space is very limited. OMEGA offers a wide variety of thermistor elements which vary not only in form factor but also in their resistance versus temperature characteristics. Since thermistors are non-linear, the instrument used to read the temperature must linearize the reading. Linear Response Thermistor Elements For applications requiring thermistors with linear response to temperature change, OMEGA offers linear components. These unique devices consist of a thermistor composite for temperature sensing and an external resistor composite for linearizing. Thermistor Probes The standalone thermistor element is relatively fragile and cannot be placed in a rugged environment. OMEGA offers thermistor probes which are thermistor elements embedded in metal tubes. Thermistor probes are much more suitable for industrial environments than thermistor elements. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) RTDs (Resistive Temperature Detectors) serve as the standard for precision temperature measurements due to their excellent repeatability and stability characteristics. RTDs provide the designer with an absolute result that is fairly linear over temperature. The RTD’s linear relationship between resistance and temperature simplifies the implementation of signal conditioning circuitry. The RTD requires external current excitation, as well as signal conditioning to account for lead wire effects and self-heating. Analog Devices supplies the ADT70, which provides both excitation and signal conditioning for a platinum RTD. The output of this device (5 mv/ °C) is be fed through an analog to digital converter, to be converted by the DSP to temperature readings.

Free Macbeth Essays: The Essential Macduff :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

The Essential Macduff in Macbeth Like in all (or most) Shakespeare plays, there is always a hero that overcomes evil supernatural forces. Macduff is this essential character in this play. His loyalty and patriotism to his dear country, Scotland, is more exceeding unlike the likes of the other Scottish nobles, Macduff was devastated by the murder of his dear king, and he also somewhat sacrifices his family for his country. These three transactions add up to one hell of an admirable hero. Conflict of forces is reflected in the character of Macduff. Duncan’s murder is discovered by his loyal supporter Macduff. It is the intensity of his devotion to the king that brings him to the castle just at the time of the murder and makes him the first to see the dead body, "The Lord’s anointed temple" (Act II, Scene3, 67) as he calls it. Had Macduff’s loyalty been supported by corresponding strength he could have come in time to save Duncan. But as Duncan displays goodness and virtue without sufficient power to maintain his rule, Macduff’s capacity for pure loyalty is not combined with the strength required to express it. When soon afterwards he goes to England in support of Duncan’s son Malcolm, his wife and children are left to be murdered by Macbeth. His personality lacks the energy to sustain both the commitments of his loyal heart. In expressing his loyalty to the dead king he ignores his equally great commitment to protect his family. Macduff returns from the scene of Duncan’s murder crying "O Horror, horror, horror!" (Act II, Scene3, 63) The response of the other lords is revealing. Lennox simply asks "Mean you his majesty?" (Act II, Scene3, 70), no more. The king’s sons arrive. Donalbain is silent. Malcolm says "O, by whom?" (Act II, Scene3, 100) Except for Macduff, there is no expression of horror, outrage or grief by those present. In the interview with Lady Macduff, Ross describes her husband as "noble, wise, judicious" (Act IV, Scene2, 16) one whom "best knows the fits o’ the season" (Act IV, Scene2, 17). Why then, did Macduff leave his wife and family unprotected? Perhaps, there was a conflict of loyalties in- love of country vs. love of family- in his heart; realist though he was, Macduff may not have believed that Macbeth would stoop to such brutality and wickedness as the murder of women and children.

Illy coffee Essay

Is one of the ten best companies in the coffee industry in Europe. It was founded in1933 by Francesco Illy, and in 1994 was given over to Andrea Illy. Since its formation, Illy Caffe’s main goal was to deliver the best quality coffee to its customers. Th e company wascareful when choosing its suppliers and always made sure it receives the best quality coffeebeans. However, after the last CEO has joined the company in 1994, Illy Caffe decided to changeits strategy and to become more responsible in the area of its business. The circumstances, whichthe coffee industry appeared to be under in 1989, was the first step toward the strategic changesmade in some companies, like Illy Caffe. Now, Illy Caffe buys highest-quality Arabica beansdirectly from Brazil, Central America, India, and Africa. The company has restructured itssupply chain completely, and has brought many innovations into the coffee industry in Brazil,making it the exporter of the best-quality coffee beans grower and producer in the world. Thefollowing paper aims at analyzing the changes made in Illy Caffe in 1989 and identifying the key issues and their potential solutions in the company’s new strategy. Changes in Illy Caffe’s supply chain describes the strategy and its benefits In 1989 Illy Caffe’s management decided to change its supply chain from a regular one to adirect purchasing. The quality of the coffee played a significant role in Illy Caffe’s business.Company’s CEO and managers believed that coffee loses its quality after going th rough differentstages in the supply process. They believed that the more intermediaries they would have, theworse would be the quality of their coffee. Therefore, changing this situation through refusing tohave a single intermediary appeared to be the most appropriate thing to do. Illy Caffe became thefirst company in the coffee industry, which started buying directly from farmers. In return tohigh premiums, company expected to receive higher quality coffee beans from Braziliangrowers. Brazil was the largest producer of coffee at that time, however, had poor reputationbecause of the bad quality of their products. Illy Caffe was aware of the situation in Brazil,however, it could find required amount of growers only in that country. The company, therefore,decided to teach Brazilian farmers, how to become its suppliers. Since Illy Caffe was good atinnovation throughout its existence, it found a good way to attract coffee growers (not only fromBrazil but from all over the world) and to make them produce higher-quality coffee. The Illycaffe Brazil Quality Espresso Coffee Award was designed in order to find company’s potential suppliers among the farmers from Brazil. The main idea of this project was to create afeeling of mutual benefit from the partnership and to motivate growers to start producing higher-quality goods. Getting an award and winning a competition meant receiving a good opportunityfor the company in the future. The project became very successful, and hundreds of Brazilian farmers were accepted toparticipate in it. Illy Caffe succeeded in finding good producers and to make them become even better through selecting them among other participants to become company’s long -term partners.Illy Caffe wanted to make sure its relationship with Brazilian partners would be strong and longlasting.

Emma and Clueless

Transformations often involve familiar themes but reflect those themes in a different context in order to resonate the values and interests of that society. Thus, context dictates form and meaning as well as the values inherent in the texts. Amy Heckerling’s, 20th century American film, Clueless is a transformation of Jane Austen’s conservative Regency England, Emma. The use of different techniques and medium allow Emma’s themes of personal growth, social structure and the role of women in society to be conveyed in a more appropriate form in Clueless.The main characters, Emma and Cher are representational products of their society and parallels can be drawn in the opening scenes, particularly in relation to self-knowledge. The Bildungsroman progression from delusion to social awareness is a universal value in both texts despite their differing contexts. Emma is introduced as â€Å"handsome, clever, and rich† who had â€Å"a disposition to think a little t oo well of herself. † Austen’s satirical tone as the omniscient narrator alerts the responder to Emma’s inability to understand her position in society. Furthermore, while Emma successfully matches Mr. Weston and Ms.Taylor, her motives are superficial as she sees it as â€Å"the greatest amusement in the world! † She also believes Harriet’s beauty â€Å"should not be wasted on the inferior society†, and it would be â€Å"interesting and highly becoming† to â€Å"improve her†. Austen employs verbal irony through Emma’s dialogue, which exposes her flaws of arrogance and shallowness. However, Emma eventually develops self awareness as shown when she realizes her mistake of matching Harriet with Mr. Elton and influencing her to refuse a suitable marriage with Mr. Martin. There is a similar character development in Cher despite the difference in context.Heckerling implements voice overs to create an immediate sense of irony wh en Cher’s â€Å"way normal life for a teenage girl† is juxtaposed with a dolly-tracking shot of her choosing outfits from a computer operated wardrobe in a grand bedroom. In doing so, Heckerling continues Austen’s satirical mode by highlighting Cher’s lack of social awareness. This is further reinforced through her dialogue, â€Å"I have direction†¦towards the mall† and Dionne’s statement, â€Å"Cher’s main thrill in life is a make-over†¦it gives her a sense of control in a world full of chaos†, which imply her superficial obsession with image and materialistic values.Cher’s final ability to see beyond the superficial and realize her mistakes â€Å"I was just totally clueless† is parallel to Emma’s reconciliation to society and its values. Similar to Austen, Heckerling reflects values that are consistent with any age and time- the absolute necessity for young people to gain social awareness. Socia l hierarchy in Regency England was permanent and immobile. It was governed by strict rules of adherence to rank and place, and was determined by birthright and inheritance. Miss.Churchill and Captain Weston’s marriage challenged the social hierarchy due to a large social imbalance in their marriage, and through authorial intrusion, it was deemed â€Å"an unsuitable connection and did not produce much happiness. † Austen demonstrates the virtually impermeable social structure through her criticism of the Coles and that †it was not for them to arrange the terms on which the superior families would visit them†, indicating that money gained through trade and not birthright, doesn’t indicate status.Emma’s high modality and contemptuous tone employed when she claims â€Å"the yeomanry are precisely the order of people with whom I feel I can have nothing to do† further highlights the inflexibility on class interactions. Finally, Harrietâ€℠¢s marriage to Mr. Martin, a farmer, results in the loss of friendship between Emma and Harriet as stated by Austen’s authorial intrusion, â€Å"the intimacy between her and Emma must sink. † This epitomizes the clear demarcation of status and that Emma shouldn’t associate with Harriet due to their differing social status. Cher’s world also has a class structure that underpins her society.This idea is explored through the camera panning out to take long shots of the rigid societal tiers, whilst Cher introduces Tai to the stratified social groups at school including the â€Å"Persia mafia†, the crew and the â€Å"loadies†. Elton’s indignant tone conveys class consciousness in his rhetorical questions towards Cher as she suggests Tai as a romantic partner, â€Å"Why Tai?! Do you know who my father is? † Later, Cher is abandoned in a carpark by Elton, and the far shot of a blinking neon sign of a clown symbolizes society’s mockery of her attempt to undermine a defined system of class.Clearly, class consciousness pervades both societies, especially in selecting romantic partners. Regency England dictated the position of women in society by strict codes of conduct. Primarily, women of Emma’s class were constrained by society’s expectations of a match within their social class. Captain Weston’s marriage to Miss. Churchill is juxtaposed to Miss. Taylor’s, thus allowing Austen to comment on the female and male positions in society, in that women are meant to be passive and have less say in their marriage. According to Mr.Weston’s idea, â€Å"it’s being a great deal better to chuse than to be chosen, to excite gratitude than to feel it†, hence demonstrating the double moral standard prevalent in society. Furthermore, Emma’s sister, Isabella, is married to John Weston, and through authorial intrusion, Austen comments that â€Å"Isabella always thinks a s he does† demonstrating a women’s duty as a wife. The use of dialogue in Mr. Knightley’s warning to Emma, â€Å"Men of family would not be very fond of connecting themselves with a girl of such obscurity†¦[Harriet]†, exemplifies society’s expectation of women to interact within their own social class.On the other hand, Clueless doesn’t offer the restricted patriarchal world of Austen as young women could be independent, outspoken and have many more choices, including marriage. The focus of the medium shot on Cher as she struts down the schoolyard in her vibrant yellow costuming portrays her outgoing attitude. The eye contact of male passerbys creates vectors and the comment â€Å"As if! † highlight Cher’s disgust at their attention, exemplifying women’s freedom to choose their romantic partners. This idea is reinforced by Cher’s comment on Dionne’s relationship, â€Å"Dee, you could do so much better. Contrary to Austen, Heckerling recognizes the change in the position of women in society in that they have more freedom in their social behavior and relationships. In conclusion, Emma and Clueless offer profound and satirical insights into their respective contexts. While the need for social stability and the need for young people to gain social awareness, remain unchanged, but the position of women in society has shifted dramatically. Such ideas are reinforced by the different mediums, both of which effectively reflect the themes and values of that context.

Writing an Email Salutations and Valedictions - Proofread My Paper

Writing an Email Salutations and Valedictions - Proofread My Paper Writing an Email: Salutations and Valedictions When writing an email for work or college, there are rules you should observe regarding the opening and closing messages. These are known as â€Å"salutations† and â€Å"valedictions.† The correct phrases to use for these depend on who you’re emailing. What are Salutations? A â€Å"salutation† is the greeting at the beginning of an email or letter. You’ll always need one of these unless you’re emailing someone you know well, as an email has to be addressed to someone! Dear or Hi? The correct salutation to use in an email depends on who you’re contacting and why you’re getting in touch. The traditional choice here is â€Å"Dear [Person’s name]†, such as in: Dear Donald, I’m writing today to let you know that†¦ However, this can seem quite formal. This is fine if you want your email to seem official (you may even want to use their title and surname). But otherwise a simple â€Å"Hi† or â€Å"Hello† is often good enough (and is becoming more common than â€Å"Dear† anyway): Hi Don! I’m writing today to let you know that†¦ As such, knowing which salutation to use is basically a judgment call based on how well you know the person you’re emailing. But what do you do if you don’t even know their name? In these cases, you can either use their job title (e.g., â€Å"Dear Hiring Manager†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) or a generic greeting, like â€Å"To Whom it May Concern† or â€Å"Dear Sir/Madam†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Usually, though, it’s better to find the name of the recipient and use that. This makes emailing the Man With No Name difficult. What are Valedictions? Since we’ve already explained that salutations are greetings, you’ve probably guessed that a â€Å"valediction† is the sign-off message at the end of an email or letter. Another term for a â€Å"valediction† is a â€Å"complimentary close,† but they describe exactly the same thing. How to Sign-Off an Email This also depends on how formal you’re being. If you know the recipient well, you might even skip the valediction altogether and just give your name instead. However, it’s generally a good idea to use some kind of sign-off. For everyday use, the valedictions â€Å"Kind regards† and â€Å"Best wishes† work well, whether in formal or informal settings. If you’re going for a more official tone, you might want to stick to traditional valedictions like â€Å"Yours faithfully,† â€Å"Sincerely yours,† or â€Å"Yours truly.† Each of these has a specific use: Yours faithfully = Writing to someone you don’t know (can seem a bit old-fashioned) Yours truly = Writing to someone you don’t know well (a little more up-to-date) Sincerely yours = Writing to someone you know (friendly but formal) As with salutations, this is ultimately a matter of judgement, so just go for what feels right! Say bye!(Source: funny 24h/YouTube)

Definition and Examples of Dialect Leveling

Definition and Examples of Dialect Leveling In linguistics, dialect leveling refers to the reduction or elimination of marked differences between dialects over a period of time. Dialect leveling tends to occur when speakers of different dialects come into contact with one another for extended periods. Contrary to popular belief, theres no evidence that the mass media are a significant cause of dialect leveling. In fact, say the authors of Language in the U.S.A., there is considerable evidence that social dialect variation, especially in urban areas, is increasing.   Alternate Spellings: dialect levelling (UK) See Examples and Observations below. Also, see the following related terms: AccentCodificationEstuary EnglishKoineizationLanguage StandardizationReceived Pronunciation (RP)Regional DialectSpeech AccommodationStyle-Shifting Examples and Observations [D]ialect differences are reduced as speakers acquire features from other varieties as well as avoid features from their own variety that are somehow different. This may occur over several generations until a stable compromise dialect develops. -Jeff Siegel, Mixing, Levelling and Pidgin/Creole Development. The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles, ed. by Arthur Spears and Donald Winford. John Benjamins, 1997Levelling, in this sense, is closely related to (indeed, results from) the social psychological mechanism of speech accommodation (Giles Powesland 1997; Trudgill 1986a:1-4), by which (provided mutual goodwill is present) interlocutors will tend to converge linguistically. In a situation (such as in a new town) where speakers of different, but mutually intelligible dialects come together, countless individual acts of short-term accommodation over a period of time lead to long-term accommodation in those same speakers (Trudgill 1986a:1-8). -Paul Kerswill, Dialect Levelling a nd Geographical Diffusion in British English. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill, ed. by David Britain and Jenny Cheshire. John Benjamins, 2003) How Dialect Leveling Works New Zealand English, which was formed more recently than North American varieties, sheds some light on how dialect leveling works. Researchers there describe a three-stage process: the original settler generations kept their home dialects, the next generation chose somewhat randomly from all the linguistic options available, and the third generation leveled out the diversity in favor of the most frequent variant in most cases. Probably something similar happened in North America, centuries before dialectologists and tape recorders were around to document it. -Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012 The Future of Dialects [A]ccording to Auer and colleagues, it is too early yet to tell if the internationalization of economic and administrative structures and the increase in international communication in present-day Europe will strengthen or weaken the traditional dialects (Auer et al. 2005: 36). For one thing, when no other variety is part of a speakers environment, accommodation is not an option. If urbanization is accompanied by the formation of ethnic or working-class enclave neighborhoods, traditional distinctions may be enforced through dense, multiple social networks (Milroy, 1987). Similar processes in the context of residential and educational segregation are responsible for the maintenance of substantial differences between the English of some African Americans and that of nearby whites. Furthermore, speech accommodation theory, as well as more recent adaptations of it (Bell 1984, 2001), also allow for the possibility of divergence as well as convergence. -Barbara Johnstone, Indexing the Loca l. The Handbook of Language and Globalization, ed. by Nikolas Coupland. Wiley-Blackwell, 20112 Americanisms in British English A phrase which has been ubiquitous in the past week is loved ones. Even Ian McEwan used it, in the elegy he wrote in this paper last Saturday. Loved One got currency in Britain in 1948, with Evelyn Waughs novella of that name. Waugh chose to be highly satirical about the American funeral industry and the obscene euphemisms (as he saw them) of its grief therapists. Mealy-mouthed, mercenary morticians disinclination to call a corpse a corpsethats what loved one connoted. For decades after Waughs blast, no writer of McEwans stature would have used loved one unless contemptuously and with anti-American intent. It still collocates mainly with American death. But its a striking example of dialect levelling (or linguistic colonialism) that its now in non-pejorative British usage. -John Sutherland, Crazy Talk. The Guardian, Sep. 18, 2001

Tawaraya Sotatsu Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Tawaraya Sotatsu - Research Paper Example Background of Tawaraya Sotatsu Sotatsu was born in the 17th century in Japan. There isn’t a trace of the time frame when he was born or died, who is parents were and what his status was. The only eearly reference is to his name, which stands for ‘shop.’ It was also known that during this time, there were social differences in class and hierarchy, specifically between spiritualists, royalty and those who were designated to work in labor designated areas. Sotatsu belonged to the commoners group, known as a rising merchant. However, he began to notice his talent for the arts and painting earlier, which led him to connect to distinguished individuals that were known as warriors and which could educate Sotatsu on painting and illustrations. This led him to move into the genre of painting while working among more wealthy merchants so he could develop his talents in a different manner. It was from this that Sotatsu began to become a leader that revitalized literary paint ing for the period, specifically allowing the Edo Period to begin to transform in the types of works that were offered and the approach to art that was considered in high regard during the time1. Techniques of Sotatsu There were several techniques that Sotatsu used to become distinguished within Japan and to push forward the art work that was associated with the time. One common technique was the fan paintings that Sotatsu used to sell among the higher class and merchants. These were illustrated with authentic illustrations that were based around figures and decorative ideologies for the time. Flowers, trees, birds and animals are the most common seen in the fan paintings, as well as the other works of Sotatsu. Narrative scenes were also depicted, specifically with the fan paintings that were available. The main themes which were a part of the fan paintings were the most important, specifically because it was a newer way of approaching the decorative arts2. The fan paintings led int o other decorative materials that Sotatsu was known for using with the paintings and drawings. The materials that Sotatsu used led to the change in illustrations to ink painting. Most of the illustrations before this time were done with the drawings and lines that were used with ink. However, Sotatsu began to experiment with the ink and the ways in which it could shape and change the images. The ink became a way of painting because of the shading that he was able to incorporate into the paintings, as well as new textures which were implied through the ink. This began by applying a layer of pigment to the ink on paper or silk for the drawing. This was followed by a second layer of ink or colorant, usually which was applied before the ink was dry. The new pigment would then bleed outward to form a larger mark on the original material. This is combined with what is referred to as the tarakashomi method. This was popular during this time frame but was no longer used among artists. Sotat su began to popularize this concept with his works, which was inclusive of dripping or pooling. The ink would drip into the layers of pigments for visual effects. The fluidity of this particular ink would also allow for the painting to be applied to the work that was being illustrated, creating a thicker texture to the lines that were a part of the illustration3. The approaches which were taken for the layered pigments, ink

1990s Hip Hop Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

1990s Hip Hop - Term Paper Example The history of music is very long, and it is impossible to cover all the stages of its development in one essay. Donald Jay Grout wrote: â€Å"The history of music is primarily the history of musical style, and cannot be grasped except by first-hand knowledge of the music itself† (1937). In this abstract we will talk about the hip hop style and its origin. â€Å"Hip-Hop is a product of post-civil rights era America, a set of cultural forms, originally natured by African-American, Caribbean-American, and Latin-American youth in and around New York in the 70s. Its most popular vehicle for expression has been music, though, dance, painting, fashion, video, crime and commerce are also its playing fields† (Nelson George, 1998). It is a musical genre or form, which comprises the combination of four different styles and is represented by different forms of music, from "light" genres such as pop and rap, to aggressive ones - hardcore rap and so forth. The content of the songs v aries from the memories of the "good old days" to the raise of the social issues. The formation of hip-hop was influenced by other genres: rhythm and blues, soul, jazz, rock music, reggae and so forth. The subculture of this style of music appeared in 1974 in African-American and Latino neighborhoods of the Bronx. Hip-hop was developed in the streets of New York as a combination of four elements - MC, DJ, break dance and graffiti. However, these genres did not develop separately. At Jamaican parties, the deejays combined MC and Rap styles. Firstly, this method of creating tracks was used by Kool Herc. In 1970, the producer Sylvia Robinson created the label, called â€Å"The Sugar Hill† and numerous DJs began to work with it, developing a new style of music - a combination of scratching and recitative. The emergence of the "hip-hop" genre is dated from 1979. The basis of hip-hop was

History and the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History and the United States - Essay Example American took most of the Spanish colonies including Cuba with the aim of establishing a favorable place to invest the capital. United States succeeded for the first time in Manila, Philippines and not in Cuba. U.S. used this as a claim that they were assisting Cuba gain its independence, as well as, acquire territory from Spain. The battle lasted a few months where Spain gave in to the conditions that were set by the United States of America. Filipinos were in dire need of independence during that period; they ended up in war with the United States that continued to the early 1900. The United States of America thought that it was their mandate to and right to rule over the people of Philippines. The reason for the notion by the United States was to pass civilization to Filipinos, but mainly for economic advancement. Their brought about a thought â€Å"white man’s burden†; it was aimed at assisting the citizens of Philippines attain the same living standards and civiliz ation, which the Americans have been benefiting from. It was a forced idea because it did not matter whether they were interested with it or not. During America’s first endeavor to acquire colonies; it lost a lot of money, wasted time and military force. However, United States was determined to maintain Philippines as its colony because during the period it reigned over it, their trade links with Europe strengthened. Moreover, United States was able to trade with Asian countries across the Pacific; it came about because they had full control over Guam and Philippines. America’s economy advanced because it traded with China whose population was greater than that of Europe and United States when combined. It was an achievement for the United States because their products and investments were accessible by larger groups of people. America’s colonies provided the opportunity for trade; United States ended up controlling the entire Asian territory. Imperialism was ex perienced during this time when the United States wanted to advance their economic power, although naturally. United States became an imperial power, which was enhanced by its economic gain, wealth and fortune. The war between America and Spain gave a favorable opportunity to the United States to take control over several lands: Carolina, Marshall and Mariania (Guam) islands and Puerto Rico. This war resulted into a stronger United States empire and the collapse of Spanish empire. America gained a political power as a result of imperialism because it was the only country with authority and power over its colonies. The military power was wasted because most of them were killed; a lot of resources were destroyed, which weakened the economic power of the state. New cultural practices were introduced to United States because while they were trading with Asians, Filipinos and the Spanish, they acquired new ways of doing things. In response to Imperialism, most of the countries they were under U.S. target entered into war because they were determined to rescue their country from colonial rule. Cuba, Spain and Asian fought with United States. World War II and Cold war World War II was experienced by many countries globally that took place between 1939 and 1945. Germany is being blamed for the establishment of the war, which resulted from its invasion into Poland. Other

The Difference Between Training And Development

The Difference Between Training And Development According to the text, it can be seen the distinction among training and development, such as description base on the case make us enable to acquire a better perspective about the meaning of the terms. Training refers to the imparting specific skill with the acquisition of knowledge in order for a person to carry out in a specific task or job. Also with the training process there are some advantages that bring on into a company such as: Improving class and amount of employees in their output Increase the ownership in the businesses, creating on them a stronger link with the company (Tesco) Becoming more organized, productive and flexible and more able to face new needs in internal and external situations Makes feel the employee more loyal, committed to the organization by educating him about by culture, philosophy and policies from the organization. Coming out with new abilities and skills in all employees such as empower staff, better standards. Development it is more about helping the person grow and extend their abilities; refers to the learning opportunities designed to help employees to grow (K. Aswathappa 194p) It can be seen that in tesco as an example they share responsibilities among training and development, because each trainee is responsible for his or her own development, causative to their personal development. Also the development its a process that work out together between employee and managers, creating an interaction where the manager its the one that will help the employee to achieve certain goals, but also more responsibilities on the trainee. In the development process are more focus in the personality of and individual, where its continuous, generating an internal motivation where the people will be ready to meet his future needs. It is very important to analyze that tesco adopts the needs of the customers, reading then in the way that they could satisfy them, giving them what they want. In this way its important to see, how tesco is expanding and having more diversity in their merchandise trying to provide to the customers in all the ways, such as airlines, banking, electrical goods, insurance, and so on. Also they are creating the possibility t give them the possibility of one stop shopping, get whatever they want (the times100, 1 case study) So because of the widening markets that they have, its very important that they need to have a well trainee staff that can recognize the needs of their customer. Also with the training, they improve the knowledge and their skills for the job making for them a muck more qualify worker than can be able to provide the best service. As every body now tesco is a very large company, that is making a lot of openings every day, and where all their store are not located in the same areas, and does not have the same customers, for this reason they use the market segmentation to identify, analyze the market, therefore they can realize what is the demand and the goods that the customer want getting this from the customer profile, with this they can be ahead to see what they would need and what kind of employees will fit more or even what training the will need to provide to be more productive in the businesses and give the best service. 3.0 METHOD LIST THE METHODS OF TRAINING CARRIED OUT BY TESCO. DESCRIBE HOW TRAINING NEEDS ARE INDETIFY Tesco offers two different training methods, which give the possibility to then employee to explore their abilities and take the best for it. On the job training: this is by the far the most important training method, under this method training takes place in the normal work location, he new employee its allocate to a specific job, he or she its instructed by an experience worker or by a special supervisor who explain him how the things work, with this method the employees does not only learn how to work under guidance also produce goods, its inexpensive, also relate the employee with the environment in the workplace (P C Reddy, P C Tripathi 196p) In tesco there are some steps that it will be describe: Shadowing: working together with the managers, learning how to do the things Coaching: trying to help the people out into situation of any kind to work thought to get some solutions. Mentoring: guide and advise new employees Job rotation: basically is when the employee has the opportunity to move around into the different branches to get new skills and get more experience. Also this method give some advantages to the company like: cheaper than others method to the company. Manager can observe the improve of the employees and also can solve issues The employee during the training period is producing goods or working, so its productive for the company. The employee can show what she or he learns and put that in practice. Off the job training: its more focus in training in specific skills or for the individual development in certain areas such as, team building, communication and so. Also it is provide with some external courses that brings the opportunities to tescos staff the possibility to learn and gain more knowledge from expert and professional people. This method is compose by an: induction start from day one, and its when the managers introduce them to business showing them how its compose, targets etc, giving them the opportunity to learn quickly about the company. According to tesco needs, is a company that is expanding their businesses all around the country and also around the world and analyzing and reading the profile of their customer give them the chance to be ahead while process of marketing, In the other hand the company looks for people with different skills and abilities to be more competitive and deliver a better performance with innovation and new products. With the idea of hire people of different backgrounds, show to the people that tesco is a place where everybody can fit and also expose to the people that is a place where they can fin people from everywhere that can bring some ideas, get closer to the people giving them a nice service make them happy to have them back. 4.0 COMPARISON ANALYSE TESCOS METHOD OF DEVELOPING ITS EMPLOYEES.CONSIDER THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF SUCH A PROGAMME. As is well know tesco has development programs that help people out to get involve in the company and is base of this points: -According to the strategy of the company and what they needs are, they concur to create ways to achieve those aims. -Also another important point is the attendance at those courses that the employee is in, it is very important being that because is easy to get in use to with the work environment. -Recording the performance of the employee makes much more easier to see their improve in the process, giving to the manager or guide -With the advises of what they have done, its helpful in the way that it can be uses as a re feeding for the employee to realize how are they doing right or wrong. So with this method the company provide full support to all the employees, in all the topics and areas, because as they said Recruiting new staff its more expensive than retaining new staff (the times100, 2009,Tesco case study) It can be said, development programmers also usually includes elements of planned study and experience, and frequently supported by a coaching or counseling facility (D, Nickson, 154p). Following this it can be seen that this method has some strengths and weaknesses that help in the process of the employee to success or to fail, whether the companies can provide the all program but also depends on the employee, according to this it will be show the characteristics: Gives the opportunity to the employee to get growth in abilities of leading, managing, and working in the shop whit the advantage to get operation skills. Offer to people apprenticeship or encouraging the studying or planning for a qualification whilst at work (Tesco) With this program their employees could be more productive and valuable to the company in long term, whit this actions, they can give secure and confident to their employee, showing them that they are important for the company and motivating them, so they will understand how useful they are for the company. Helping the people to learn much more quickly how to do the jobs guiding them. Improve the performance of the employee at work keeping them update with all the new staff. Also this can be a good way to attract good workers, that ones nice and good work expectations But in other hand this program has some disadvantages that can be attach to this plan such as the budget that they have to spent, because those programmers could be out of their, or in the other they might have the problem that people would not sing in the courses making the company just waste the money. Mix of knowledge, as all now development is the process to help people to grow and extend their abilities, but people can bring their old baggage so that could create misunderstandings with the others, implementing their old or previous knowledge that might fit or not in the new place. Time, it is a factor that is important to remark, being an essential part of any process , because some companies are not able to wait until the employees learn, understand and get ready, so it will become a fight against time, so does it play a significant role. 5.0 BENEFITS EVALUATE THE BENEFITS FOR TESCO IN PROVIDING A STRUCTURED TRAINING PROGRAMME.TO WHAT EXTEN DO YOU THINK THE TRAINING HAS ACHIEVED A RETURN ON INVESMESNT. Tescos programs have been created with the aim of train and develop their staff, and with it, gives the chance to monitoring and evaluated their process according to their performance. As it can be seen this method bring the opportunity to see how the performance of the employee is, giving to them a better and solid feedback providing more order a better focus aim and also construct a better confident in the employee making them aware of their performance. Also in the way that with this process they can measure and analyze better what they have done in al their activities such as activities plans, personal development plans, and so. More over about this gives the chance to expand their view and have a wide vision in the way that other department can give a feedback, so they can improve and do better performance in the case that they might need. Has interaction between management and employee during their training giving them the possibility to express themselves. The aim of training its t improve knowledge and skills in an individuals changing their attitudes, it is one of the most important potential motivators, with it can lead to so many benefits in training(J. Mullins 489P) such as: Motivate the staff, raising their confident and commitment the more to the company, obtaining from them a better performance. Give them the chance to have a career progression also with the felling of personal achievement, so the training will provide them with the chance to get recognition and also progress and see what they have done. Helping them out also to progress and develop their abilities, skills and knowledge by giving them the right tools. Its morally wrong to give a leadership role without some of training wring from them and those who work with them J.Adair. The path to leadership I do think that all companies do the training with the aim invest in themselves and also in people, as it can be seen that now everything and markets are more competitive they need to make the difference, and how this can be possible? By giving them the opportunities to improve, be better, teach them, and after all evaluate them and use what they have learned, making all the process go trough. So I do think that afterwards the training process is when the company will see the results for all what they have done for their staff that later on will give back with their job and productivity. 6.0 CONCLUSION to summarized this report it can be seen that tesco and any other company needs to have the right training being that is an important lever to bring improvement, changes to the company and staff. Also it can be seen how tesco focus in their staff trying to provide to them the best and the most qualify training with the aim of expand their business but also with the concern that first need to have the right people, to the right job at in the right moment, and how this can be possible, whit the right an adequate training and development program. 7.0 REFRENCES Aswathappa, K (2005) Human resource and personal management. Mc Graw Hill. (pp195) P C Tripathi P N Reddy (2008) Principals of management, Mc Graw Hill (pp196) D Nickson (2002) Human resource management for the hospitality and tourism industries, Elsevier (pp 154) Tesco(2009) How training and development support business growth The time 100, 2009 L J Mullins (2009) Management and organizational behaviour Prentice Hall, (pp489,)